Unit A Reproduction

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2.2 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Look at Figure 3. How are the functions of the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane similar? 12. Identify structures A, B, and C in Figure 4. A B C Figure 4 Figure 3 2. Explain how the nucleus and the nucleolus are different. 3. List the main structures that are found in the nucleus. 4. Describe the relationship between the nucleolus and the ribosomes. 5. List two different locations where ribosomes can be found. 6. How are some materials transported throughout the cell? 7. Explain the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 8. What are chromosomes made of? 9. How many chromosomes are present in a normal human body cell? 10. Describe the shape of a DNA molecule. 11. Where is DNA located in the cell? 13. Compare plant and animal cells in terms of the organelles they contain. 14. (a) In which type of cells are you most likely to find centrioles? (b) When are centrioles the most active? (c) What are centrioles made of? 15. Identify structures A to E in Figure 5. Figure 5 16. Where in a cell are the chromosomes located? 17. Describe two functions of the cytoplasm. A B C D E NEL 2.2 Cell Structures Involved in Cell Division 41
2.3 From DNA to Proteins You have learned that the nucleus contains chromosomes, which contain DNA. DNA is a molecule that contains all the instructions to make, maintain, and repair cells. But how does DNA perform all these functions? nitrogenous base phosphate sugar Figure 1 A nucleotide is composed of a sugar molecule, a phosphate molecule, and a nitrogenous base. DNA Structure In the previous section, DNA was described as looking like a twisted ladder. The ladder analogy is useful for explaining its structure. A DNA molecule is made of two strands of smaller molecules, called nucleotides. A nucleotide (Figure 1) is composed of a sugar molecule, a phosphate molecule, and a nitrogenous base molecule. The sides of the DNA ladder are made of the sugar and phosphate molecules joined to each other. The rungs of the ladder are made of pairs of nitrogenous bases, one from each of the strands. Each nucleotide has one of four different nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). Pairs of these bases form each rung of the DNA ladder (Figure 2). Adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with guanine. Thus, a rung is made of either cytosine and guanine (C-G) or adenine and thymine (A-T). These are sometimes referred to as base pairs. nitrogenous bases phosphate sugar adenine LEARNING TIP There is lots of new vocabulary on this page. Making notes is important for learning and remembering. As you read, write down any unfamiliar words. Then read the section again and write a definition for each word. guanine thymine nitrogenous bases cytosine Figure 2 DNA molecules are made of two strands of nucleotides joined by their sugar and phosphate molecules and by their nitrogenous bases. The linked bases are called base pairs. A single chromosome can contain millions of base pairs. 42 <strong>Unit</strong> A <strong>Reproduction</strong> NEL
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Page 3 and 4: CHAPTER 2 Cell Growth and Reproduct
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Page 15 and 16: LEARNING TIP Think about the sectio
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3.4 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Nam
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LEARNING TIP Photographs play an im
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TRY THIS: A Model of Recombinant DN
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3A Investigation Examining Flowers
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3B Investigation Examining Seeds Re
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CHAPTER 3 Review Sexual Reproductio
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Review Key Ideas and Vocabulary 1.
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CHAPTER 4 Human Reproduction KEY ID
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4.1 The Male Reproductive System LE
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LEARNING TIP Did you notice that Se
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4.2 The Female Reproductive System
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Depending on whether the egg is fer
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4.2 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Lis
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amniotic fluid placenta umbilical c
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Figure 7 The zygote has divided sev
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CORD BLOOD: BIOLOGICAL INSURANCE Sc
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Figure 2 The X chromosome (a) is fa
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4.4 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Wha
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Figure 2 The karyotype of Down synd
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4.6 Prenatal Procedures (a) (b) Fig
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4.6 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Nam
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4.7 Reproductive Technologies LEARN
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4.7 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. At
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Sample Stakeholder Perspectives •
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CHAPTER 4 Review Human Reproduction
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Review Key Ideas and Vocabulary 1.
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UNIT A Review Reproduction Unit Sum
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15. Complete the following table to
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Unit A Reproduction

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