Unit A Reproduction

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2.3 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Describe how chromosomes and DNA are related. 2. The DNA molecule is shaped like a twisted ladder. (a) What are the sides of the ladder made of? (b) What are the rungs made of? (c) Name each of the molecules that make up the rungs. 3. Describe how the DNA molecule replicates. 4. Which base joins with each base listed below? (a) cytosine (b) thymine (c) adenine (d) guanine 5. What part of the DNA molecule determines the genetic code of an organism? 6. What is the human genome? 7. Identify the numbered structures shown in Figure 8. 1 2 8. (a) Where are proteins made? (b) What are the building blocks of proteins? 9. What type of protein controls chemical reactions in your body? 10. (a) Name two types of structural proteins in your body. (b) Identify where each type of protein would be found. 11. Name and give the function of three proteins that are found in your blood. 12. Describe how DNA and genes are related. 13. How is the genetic code transferred from the nucleus into the cytoplasm? 14. How is RNA different from DNA? 15. Place the following events of protein synthesis in the correct order. (a) Ribosomes manufacture protein. (b) RNA is formed from a gene. (c) Part of a DNA molecule “unzips.” (d) RNA carries the genetic code into the cytoplasm. (e) Amino acids attach to ribosomes. 16. Identify the structures labelled 1 to 3 in Figure 9. 1 2 4 3 Figure 8 3 Figure 9 NEL 2.3 From DNA to Proteins 47
USING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA TO SOLVE MYSTERIES Forensic scientists use the DNA found in mitochondria to help them identify human remains. Awesome SCIENCE Dead bodies are not always easy to identify. For example, a body may have been burned or may have been left for a long time before being found. Often all that is left of a body is charred bits of bone, tangles of hair, or dried up patches of skin. The DNA in these samples is so damaged that regular DNA analysis is not possible. The only type of genetic material that can withstand extreme environmental conditions is found inside the mitochondria. Fortunately, there is technology that allows scientists to analyze mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mitochondria are tiny cellular organelles that use oxygen to break apart food molecules and release energy for the cell to use. When a cell undergoes cell division, the mitochondria divide and identical copies of the mitochondria are passed onto each of the resulting cells. This process is repeated over and over as an organism grows, so that all the cells in the organism have the same mtDNA. During fertilization, when the egg and sperm join together, the mitochondria from the egg cell are retained but the mitochondria from the sperm cell are destroyed. Therefore, all mitochondria come from the mother. This means that all the fertilized egg’s mitochondria are identical to the mother’s mitochondria. As the fertilized egg divides, the cells produced have mitochondria that are identical to the mother’s. The similarity of mitochondrial DNA in members of a family over many generations forms the basis of identifying human remains by forensic mtDNA techniques. Scientists can identify victims by comparing mtDNA from the unidentified remains to mtDNA from possible female relatives. Panama, USA, Canada, Argentina, and Yugoslavia are just a few of the countries where human remains have been successfully identified using mitochondrial DNA analysis. In Panama, Yugoslavia, and Argentina, investigators from around the world worked together to identify the victims found in mass graves (Figure 1). While a lost relative can never be replaced, surviving family members get some degree of peace from knowing the fate of a family member and being able to provide a proper burial. Figure 1 Forensic scientists investigate a mass grave. 48 NEL
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Page 3 and 4: CHAPTER 2 Cell Growth and Reproduct
Page 5 and 6: 2.1 The Importance of Cell Division
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Page 9 and 10: Figure 2 Plant cell structures cyto
Page 11 and 12: 2.3 From DNA to Proteins You have l
Page 13 and 14: Did You KNOW? The Human Genome The
Page 15: LEARNING TIP Think about the sectio
Page 19 and 20: centrioles nucleus chromosome spind
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3A Investigation Examining Flowers
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3B Investigation Examining Seeds Re
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CHAPTER 3 Review Sexual Reproductio
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Review Key Ideas and Vocabulary 1.
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CHAPTER 4 Human Reproduction KEY ID
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4.1 The Male Reproductive System LE
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LEARNING TIP Did you notice that Se
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4.2 The Female Reproductive System
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Depending on whether the egg is fer
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4.2 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Lis
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amniotic fluid placenta umbilical c
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Figure 7 The zygote has divided sev
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CORD BLOOD: BIOLOGICAL INSURANCE Sc
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Figure 2 The X chromosome (a) is fa
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4.4 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Wha
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Figure 2 The karyotype of Down synd
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4.6 Prenatal Procedures (a) (b) Fig
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4.6 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Nam
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4.7 Reproductive Technologies LEARN
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4.7 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. At
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Sample Stakeholder Perspectives •
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CHAPTER 4 Review Human Reproduction
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Review Key Ideas and Vocabulary 1.
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UNIT A Review Reproduction Unit Sum
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15. Complete the following table to
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Unit A Reproduction

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