Unit A Reproduction

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4A Investigation The Human Karyotype The genetic material in human cells is contained in 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. A karyotype is used to organize and analyze the genetic material of individuals. Question What information can you obtain from a human karyotype? Experimental Design In this investigation, you will use an image of human chromosomes to construct a karyotype. Materials • image of human chromosomes • scissors • glue • paper • marker Procedure 1. Cut out all the individual chromosomes. 2. Arrange the chromosomes in homologous pairs. What features can you use to arrange them into pairs? 3. Once you have matched the chromosomes, arrange them in ordered pairs, as shown in Figure 1. INQUIRY SKILLS Questioning Hypothesizing Predicting Planning Conducting Recording Analyzing Evaluating Synthesizing Communicating 4. Paste your chromosome pairs, in order, on a blank sheet of paper. 5. Number your chromosome pairs from 1 to 23. 6. Compare your karyotype with your classmates’ karyotypes. Indicate the gender of each of your classmates’ karyotypes. Analysis (a) How many pairs of chromosomes have you matched? (b) Did all the chromosomes have a matching partner? If not, explain why. (c) Is your karyotype male or female? Explain how you know. Evaluation (d) What features of the chromosomes did you use to match them? (e) Are there other features you could have used? (f) Were there any chromosomes that were difficult to match? Synthesis (g) What type of information can be gained from a karyotype? (h) Would karyotypes from the same family look the same? Explain. (i) Why would it be useful to compare karyotypes of family members? 2000X Figure 1 A human karyotype. The homologous pairs are numbered. NEL Chapter 4 Investigation 139
CHAPTER 4 Review Human Reproduction Key Ideas Male and female humans have specialized organs to produce gametes and to ensure fertilization. • Males produce sperm, the male gametes, in the testes. Females produce eggs, the female gametes, in the ovaries. • Fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell happens in the female’s oviduct. The zygote develops in the uterus. It takes nine months for a human zygote to develop into a baby. • In the first trimester, the embryo becomes a fetus and the placenta forms. In the second trimester, limbs and facial features develop. In the third trimester, all the organ systems continue developing and the fetus continues to gain mass. • During birth, rhythmic contractions of the uterus push the baby out of the mother. The placenta is pushed out shortly after. • The zygote and the cells created from the first few cell divisions are unspecialized stem cells. Stem cells can form into any type of specialized cell. Vocabulary puberty, p. 108 testosterone, p. 108 scrotum, p. 109 testes, p. 109 seminiferous tubules, p. 109 epididymis, p. 109 vas deferens, p. 109 urethra, p. 109 penis, p. 109 semen, p. 110 mammary glands, p. 112 ovary, p. 112 follicles, p. 112 estrogen, p. 112 progesterone, p. 112 menstrual cycle, p. 113 menopause, p. 113 ovulation, p. 113 corpus luteum, p. 113 oviduct (fallopian tube), p. 113 Sex chromosomes determine the gender of the offspring. • The X and Y chromosomes control whether an individual is male or female: an XX combination produces a female and an XY combination produces a male. • The X and Y chromosomes also control sex-linked characteristics such as red-green colour blindness and having hemophilia. 140 Unit A Reproduction NEL
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CHAPTER 2 Cell Growth and Reproduct
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2.1 The Importance of Cell Division
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Figure 2 Plant cell structures cyto
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2.3 From DNA to Proteins You have l
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Did You KNOW? The Human Genome The
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LEARNING TIP Think about the sectio
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USING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA TO SOLVE MY
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centrioles nucleus chromosome spind
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Binary fission allows for rapid pop
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could clone frogs, they were unable
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2B Investigation Determining the Ra
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CHAPTER 2 Review Cell Growth and Re
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Review Key Ideas and Vocabulary 1.
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CHAPTER 3 Sexual Reproduction KEY I
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Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaph
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allele for straight hairline homolo
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Figure 5 Male and female cones are
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