Unit A Reproduction

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amniotic fluid placenta LEARNING TIP Use questions to check your understanding of amniocentesis. Ask yourself, “What is involved in this procedure? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure? What else is it used for?” fetal cells wall of uterus Figure 2 Amniocentesis removes amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells. These cells are karyotyped. Other information, such as whether the fetus has a spinal cord defect, can also be obtained from amniotic fluid. As well, in the third trimester, the amniotic fluid can be analyzed to determine how well the fetus’s lungs have developed. The levels of certain chemicals in the fluid indicate whether the lungs of the fetus are mature enough to function well outside the womb. GO If you would like to learn more about amniocentesis, go to www.science.nelson.com GO Chorionic Villus Sampling Chorionic villus sampling involves inserting a catheter through the vagina into the uterus to sample cells of the placenta. The chorionic villi are extensions of the chorion, the layer of the placenta that connects to the uterus (Figure 3). The chorionic villi contain many more fetal cells than the amniotic fluid. The sample is taken between 8 and 12 weeks of pregnancy. The karyotype of the fetus can be determined much earlier in the pregnancy than with amniocentesis. However, the test does not provide information about possible spinal cord defects or lung maturity. Egg Collection Women who choose in vitro fertilization have some eggs collected and tested for genetic disorders. An optical device called laparoscope is inserted into the abdominal cavity to view the ovary. A suction device is inserted to collect some eggs, which are then tested in a laboratory. If they are healthy, the eggs will undergo in vitro fertilization. Examining eggs will only detect disorders from the mother’s genes. NEL uterus chorionic villus maternal portion of the placenta fetal portion of the placenta umbilical cord sampling tube Figure 3 Chorionic villus sampling provides fetal cells, from which a karyotype is made. 4.6 Prenatal Procedures 131
4.6 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Name two diseases or disorders that can be detected by prenatal tests. 2. (a) Name the prenatal procedure used to produce the image in Figure 4. 6. In Figure 5, which label (A, B, or C) shows where the fluid is taken from in amniocentesis? A B C Figure 5 Figure 4 (b) What is the image in Figure 4 called? (c) Name one condition that this procedure can detect. 3. Identify four situations that cause a pregnancy to be considered a high-risk pregnancy. 4. Name the prenatal procedures that are used to produce a karyotype of the fetus. 5. Which sample contains more fetal cells, the amniotic fluid or the chorionic villus? 7. Which test(s) could be used to determine each of the following? (a) Down syndrome (b) gender (c) genetic disorder from the mother only (d) condition of the fetal lungs 8. Which test can produce a karyotype earlier in pregnancy, amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling? 9. Would chorionic villus samples be useful for indicating the maturity of the lungs? Explain your answer. 10. Which of the prenatal diagnoses is the least invasive way to produce a karyotype? Explain your answer. 11. (a) Describe how eggs are collected. (b) What is the purpose of egg collection? 132 <strong>Unit</strong> A <strong>Reproduction</strong> NEL
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32 NEL
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CHAPTER 2 Cell Growth and Reproduct
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2.1 The Importance of Cell Division
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2.1 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Giv
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Figure 2 Plant cell structures cyto
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2.3 From DNA to Proteins You have l
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Did You KNOW? The Human Genome The
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LEARNING TIP Think about the sectio
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USING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA TO SOLVE MY
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centrioles nucleus chromosome spind
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2.4 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Wha
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LEARNING TIP Make connections to yo
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2.5 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Wha
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Binary fission allows for rapid pop
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2.6 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. At
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could clone frogs, they were unable
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2A Investigation Observing Cell Div
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2B Investigation Determining the Ra
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CHAPTER 2 Review Cell Growth and Re
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Review Key Ideas and Vocabulary 1.
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CHAPTER 3 Sexual Reproduction KEY I
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3.1 Meiosis LEARNING TIP Scan the t
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Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaph
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3.1 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. How
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