Unit A Reproduction

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4.3 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. How large is a fertilized egg? 2. (a) How many sperm cells fertilize an egg? (b) How many sperm cells actually reach an egg? (c) What happens to the sperm that do not reach an egg? 3. Describe what happens in the egg after sperm penetration. 4. What is another name for the fertilized egg? 5. Where in the female reproductive system does fertilization take place? 6. What event happens that changes a zygote into an embryo? 7. Identify structures A to E in Figure 9. Figure 9 8. What are the functions of the amniotic fluid? 9. Where does the embryo get its nutrition before the umbilical cord forms? A B C D E 10. Women do not menstruate once the embryo has implanted. What controls this? 11. How are the nine months of pregnancy divided? 12. During which trimester does each of the following events occur? (a) Eyelids have lashes. (b) Heart begins beating. (c) Activity decreases. (d) Size of the head is almost half of the fetus. (e) Embryo becomes a fetus. (f) Placenta develops. (g) Fetus responds to stimulus. (h) All organs are formed. (i) All organ systems are working. (j) Fetus swallows amniotic fluid. (k) Arm and leg buds form. (l) Mother can feel fetal movement. 13. What functions do the placenta and the umbilical cord serve? 14. Is the zygote a stem cell? Explain. 15. About how many different types of cells are found in your body? 16. What two signs signal the beginning of birth? 17. Which part of the baby normally leaves the birth canal first? 18. What happens to the umbilical cord and the placenta once the baby is born? 19. Copy Table 1 into your notebook and use it to compare the two types of twins. Table 1 Characteristic Fraternal twins Identical twins Number of eggs fertilized Placenta Genetic material NEL 4.3 Pregnancy: Fertilization to Birth 121
CORD BLOOD: BIOLOGICAL INSURANCE Scientists have discovered biologically valuable cells in the umbilical cord. Science WORKS In the past, when a baby was born, the umbilical cord was cut and discarded (Figure 1). Scientists have now discovered that stem cells are present in a newborn’s umbilical cord. In a biological sense, these cells are potentially very valuable. Cord blood stem cells can turn into any type of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Therefore, stem cells collected from cord blood could potentially be transplanted into people who have diseased blood cells that cannot be repaired or replaced. Once inside the body, the stem cells could replace the diseased blood cells by turning into healthy blood cells. Currently, people can receive stem cells found in bone marrow through bone marrow transplants. However, bone marrow cells from other individuals can be rejected. If the recipient’s immune system identifies the donor stem cells as foreign, the immune system destroys the cells. One potential advantage of cord blood stem cells is that when they are transplanted, they are not recognized as being foreign. This eliminates the problem of rejection. Cord blood transplants have been successful in treating some blood diseases, such as leukemia. Across North America, private clinics offer to bank a newborn’s cord blood, as a supply of stem cells that could be used if the child developed a life-threatening blood illness or disease in the future. This technique is being marketed to worried parents as a unique opportunity to do something now that could possibly save their child’s life in the future. Banking blood at public cord-blood banks is encouraged by the medical community because the stem cells would be available to any needy patient, but banking at private clinics is discouraged. Some European countries have actually outlawed private cord-blood banking. Canada has both public and private cord-blood banks. What do you think? Should parents be able to bank their child’s cord blood and keep it at a private clinic for use only by their family? This is just one of the many interesting issues your generation will decide upon in the future. Figure 1 The umbilical cord is still attached to this newborn. 122 NEL
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CHAPTER 2 Cell Growth and Reproduct
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2.1 The Importance of Cell Division
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2.1 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Giv
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Figure 2 Plant cell structures cyto
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2.3 From DNA to Proteins You have l
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Did You KNOW? The Human Genome The
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LEARNING TIP Think about the sectio
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USING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA TO SOLVE MY
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centrioles nucleus chromosome spind
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2.4 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Wha
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LEARNING TIP Make connections to yo
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2.5 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Wha
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Binary fission allows for rapid pop
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2.6 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. At
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could clone frogs, they were unable
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2A Investigation Observing Cell Div
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2B Investigation Determining the Ra
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CHAPTER 2 Review Cell Growth and Re
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Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 3 Sexual Reproduction KEY I
Page 43 and 44: 3.1 Meiosis LEARNING TIP Scan the t
Page 45 and 46: Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaph
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Page 49 and 50: allele for straight hairline homolo
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Page 67 and 68: 3A Investigation Examining Flowers
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Page 113 and 114: UNIT A Review Reproduction Unit Sum
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Unit A Reproduction

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