Unit A Reproduction

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Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer In gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) the female’s eggs are removed from the ovary and reinserted into the oviduct (fallopian tube) along with the male’s sperm. This increases the chances of fertilization by bringing the egg and the sperm together in the oviduct, where fertilization normally occurs, thus increasing the chances of fertilization. In Vitro Fertilization In vitro fertilization (IVF) means that fertilization takes place outside the female’s body in a Petri dish in a laboratory (Figure 2). Children conceived in this way are often called “test-tube babies.” Follicles containing immature eggs are removed from the female’s ovaries. Once the eggs have matured, sperm cells from the father are added. After a few days, the embryos are inserted into the uterus at the right time of the menstrual cycle. Usually, several embryos are inserted, and often multiple births occur. The embryos may also be implanted in a female who is not the biological mother if there is some reason why the mother’s uterus cannot accept the embryos. The female who carries the embryos is called the surrogate mother. This will be discussed in Section 4.8. mother A Egg removed from mother. B Sperm collected. father LEARNING TIP The process of in vitro fertilization is described in two ways—in text, and in a sequential diagram (Figure 2). Check to see that you understand how the text and the diagram match. Figure 2 In vitro fertilization C Mother’s egg is fertilized with father’s sperm in vitro. D Embryo is transferred to mother or surrogate mother. mother Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) involves injecting a single sperm into the cytoplasm of a mature healthy egg. This technology is used when normal IVF has not been successful. The sperm count may be extremely low, or the sperm may be structurally unable to swim properly to reach the egg. The sperm can be collected in the normal way or retrieved from the testes. NEL 4.7 Reproductive Technologies 135
4.7 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. At what point in the menstrual cycle would artificial insemination be done? 2. What is a disadvantage of taking fertility drugs? 3. (a) What is gamete intrafallopian transfer? (b) Where does fertilization take place? 4. Compare artificial insemination and intrafallopian transfer. 5. Give two reasons why couples might use in vitro fertilization. 6. Babies produced by in vitro fertilization have been called “test-tube babies.” Why is this inaccurate? 7. Identify the technology shown in Figure 3. 10. (a) Describe the process of intracycloplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). (b) Under what circumstances is ICSI used? 11. List the reproductive technologies that use embryo transfer. 12. Which reproductive technologies are used when the woman’s reproductive system is functioning properly but the man is not producing enough sperm? 13. Which reproductive technologies require the female’s eggs to be collected? 14. Explain why fertility drugs are usually taken by the female before any artificial reproduction technology is used. 15. Using your knowledge of the male reproductive system, explain why males usually do not take fertility drugs. 16. A couple is unable to conceive. The male produces sperm cells like the one in Figure 4. They contain healthy DNA but cannot swim properly. Which reproductive technology is most likely to help the couple conceive? Figure 3 8. In your notebook, list the following steps of in vitro fertilization in the correct order: (a) Eggs are placed in a Petri dish. (b) Embryo is transferred to the uterus. (c) Eggs are extracted from the ovary. (d) Fertility drugs are given to the woman. (e) Eggs are fertilized by sperm. (f) Embryos are incubated. 9. Which technology usually precedes most other artificial reproduction technologies? 6000X Figure 4 136 <strong>Unit</strong> A <strong>Reproduction</strong> NEL
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32 NEL
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CHAPTER 2 Cell Growth and Reproduct
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2.1 The Importance of Cell Division
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2.1 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. Giv
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Figure 2 Plant cell structures cyto
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2.3 From DNA to Proteins You have l
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Did You KNOW? The Human Genome The
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LEARNING TIP Think about the sectio
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USING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA TO SOLVE MY
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centrioles nucleus chromosome spind
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LEARNING TIP Make connections to yo
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Binary fission allows for rapid pop
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could clone frogs, they were unable
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2A Investigation Observing Cell Div
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2B Investigation Determining the Ra
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CHAPTER 2 Review Cell Growth and Re
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Review Key Ideas and Vocabulary 1.
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CHAPTER 3 Sexual Reproduction KEY I
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3.1 Meiosis LEARNING TIP Scan the t
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Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaph
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3.1 CHECK YOUR Understanding 1. How
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allele for straight hairline homolo
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Unit A Reproduction

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