Op Amps for Everyone - The Repeater Builder's Technical ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Contents A.3.17 Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-21 A.3.18 Inverting AC Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-22 A.3.19 Noninverting AC Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-23 A.4 Computing Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-24 A.4.1 Inverting Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-24 A.4.2 Noninverting Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-25 A.4.3 Noninverting Summer with Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-26 A.4.4 Inverting Integrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-27 A.4.5 Inverting Integrator with Input Current Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-28 A.4.6 Inverting Integrator with Drift Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-29 A.4.7 Inverting Integrator with Mechanical Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-30 A.4.8 Inverting Integrator with Electronic Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-31 A.4.9 Inverting Integrator with Resistive Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-32 A.4.10 Noninverting Integrator with Inverting Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-33 A.4.11 Noninverting Integrator Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-34 A.4.12 Inverting Differentiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-35 A.4.13 Inverting Differentiator with Noise Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-36 A.5 Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-37 A.5.1 Basic Wien Bridge Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-37 A.5.2 Wien Bridge Oscillator with Nonlinear Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-38 A.5.3 Wien Bridge Oscillator with AGC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-39 A.5.4 Quadrature Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-40 A.5.5 Classical Phase Shift Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-41 A.5.6 Buffered Phase Shift Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-42 A.5.7 Bubba Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-43 A.5.8 Triangle Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-44 B Single-Supply Op Amp Selection Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 x
Figures Figures 2–1 Ohm’s Law Applied to the Total Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2–2 Ohm’s Law Applied to a Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2–3 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2–4 Kirchoff’s Current Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 2–5 Voltage Divider Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 2–6 Current Divider Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 2–7 Original Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 2–8 Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit for Figure 2–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 2–9 Example of Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 2–10 Analysis Done the Hard Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 2–11 Superposition Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2–12 When V1 is Grounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2–13 When V2 is Grounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2–14 Saturated Transistor Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 2–15 Transistor Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 2–16 Thevenin Equivalent of the Base Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 3–1 The Ideal Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3–2 The Noninverting Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3–3 The Inverting Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3–4 The Adder Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3–5 The Differential Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 3–6 Differential Amplifier With Common-Mode Input Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 3–7 T Network in Feedback Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 3–8 Thevenin’s Theorem Applied to T Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8 3–9 Video Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 3–10 Low-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 3–11 High-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 4–1 Split-Supply Op Amp Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4–2 Split-Supply Op Amp Circuit With Reference Voltage Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4–3 Split-Supply Op Amp Circuit With Common-Mode Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4–4 Single-Supply Op Amp Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 4–5 Inverting Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4–6 Inverting Op Amp With VCC Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 4–7 Transfer Curve for Inverting Op Amp With VCC Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 4–8 Noninverting Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 Contents xi
Page 1 and 2: Design Reference August 2002 Advanc
Page 3 and 4: Forward Everyone interested in anal
Page 5 and 6: Contents Contents 1 The Op Amp’s
Page 7 and 8: Contents 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
Page 9 and 10: Contents 14.4.3 AC Application Erro
Page 11: Contents 17.7.1 Through-Hole Consid
Page 15 and 16: Figures 7-5 TL08X Frequency and Tim
Page 17 and 18: Figures 13-12 Differential Amplifie
Page 19 and 20: Figures 16-41 Comparison of Q Betwe
Page 21 and 22: Figures A-37 Basic Wien Bridge Osci
Page 23 and 24: Examples Examples 16-1 First-Order
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 The Op Amp’s Place In T
Page 27 and 28: The first signal conditioning op am
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Review of Circuit Theory
Page 31 and 32: Voltage Divider Rule source, throug
Page 33 and 34: Thevenin’s Theorem 2.5 Thevenin
Page 35 and 36: Thevenin’s Theorem V OUT V TH R
Page 37 and 38: Calculation of a Saturated Transist
Page 39 and 40: Transistor Amplifier 2 V (from 8 V
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Development of the Ideal
Page 43 and 44: The Noninverting Op Amp 3.2 The Non
Page 45 and 46: The Adder 3-5, and if R F = 100 k a
Page 47 and 48: Complex Feedback Networks portion o
Page 49 and 50: Video Amplifiers 3.7 Video Amplifie
Page 51 and 52: Summary 3.9 Summary When the proper
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 4 Single-Supply Op Amp Desi
Page 55 and 56: Circuit Analysis R G R F +V V IN _
Page 57 and 58: Circuit Analysis V OUT VCC -V IN
Page 59 and 60: Circuit Analysis R G R F V CC V REF
Page 61 and 62: Simultaneous Equations m 2 1 0.1
Page 63 and 64:
Simultaneous Equations R F R G R G
Page 65 and 66:
Simultaneous Equations measured 4.5
Page 67 and 68:
Simultaneous Equations +5V R 2 820
Page 69 and 70:
Simultaneous Equations |m| 5.56 R
Page 71 and 72:
Simultaneous Equations 4.3.4 Case 4
Page 73 and 74:
Simultaneous Equations -0.10 -0.15
Page 75 and 76:
Chapter 5 Feedback and Stability Th
Page 77 and 78:
Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
Page 79 and 80:
Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
Page 81 and 82:
Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
Page 89 and 90:
The Second Order Equation and Ringi
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 6 Development of the Non Id
Page 93 and 94:
Review of the Canonical Equations T
Page 95 and 96:
Noninverting Op Amps 6.3 Noninverti
Page 97 and 98:
Inverting Op Amps The transfer equa
Page 99 and 100:
Differential Op Amps A aZ G Z G Z
Page 101 and 102:
Chapter 7 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp C
Page 103 and 104:
Internal Compensation Figure 7-2 sh
Page 105 and 106:
Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
Page 107 and 108:
Internal Compensation - Large-Signa
Page 109 and 110:
Dominant-Pole Compensation 7.4 Domi
Page 111 and 112:
Dominant-Pole Compensation 100 dB D
Page 113 and 114:
Lead Compensation Gain compensation
Page 115 and 116:
Lead Compensation slopes down at -2
Page 117 and 118:
Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
Page 119 and 120:
Lead-Lag Compensation C R + _ V OUT
Page 121 and 122:
Conclusions Dominant pole compensat
Page 123 and 124:
Chapter 8 Current-Feedback Op Amp A
Page 125 and 126:
The Noninverting CFA output impedan
Page 127 and 128:
The Inverting CFA V OUT V IN Z1 Z
Page 129 and 130:
Stability Analysis 8.6 Stability An
Page 131 and 132:
Selection of the Feedback Resistor
Page 133 and 134:
Stability and Input Capacitance Tab
Page 135 and 136:
Compensation of CF and CG Z F A R
Page 137 and 138:
Chapter 9 Voltage- and Current-Feed
Page 139 and 140:
Bandwidth The noninverting input of
Page 141 and 142:
Bandwidth The CFA is a current oper
Page 143 and 144:
Impedance The CFA stability is not
Page 145 and 146:
Equation Comparison Table 9-1. Tabu
Page 147 and 148:
Chapter 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
Page 149 and 150:
Characterization 10.2.2 Noise Floor
Page 151 and 152:
Types of Noise 10.3.1 Shot Noise Th
Page 153 and 154:
Types of Noise as average dc curren
Page 155 and 156:
Types of Noise Some characteristics
Page 157 and 158:
Noise Colors There are an infinite
Page 159 and 160:
Op Amp Noise 1000 Hz V n - Input No
Page 161 and 162:
Op Amp Noise can be represented bet
Page 163 and 164:
Op Amp Noise This simplifies the ga
Page 165 and 166:
Putting It All Together 10.6 Puttin
Page 167 and 168:
Putting It All Together When it is
Page 169 and 170:
References +5 V 100 k +5 V 100 k V
Page 171 and 172:
Chapter 11 Understanding Op Amp Par
Page 173 and 174:
Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Additional Parameter Information 10
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Additional Parameter Information +V
Page 189 and 190:
Additional Parameter Information of
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 12 Instrumentation: Sensors
Page 195 and 196:
The system definition specifies the
Page 197 and 198:
pends heavily on test conditions su
Page 199 and 200:
the bias resistor, R 1 , is selecte
Page 201 and 202:
V OUT I D R F (12-6) The phototran
Page 203 and 204:
the semiconductor in a direction pe
Page 205 and 206:
eference has a temperature drift of
Page 207 and 208:
impedance of the transducer. The te
Page 209 and 210:
Y mX b (12-14) Two pairs of data
Page 211 and 212:
Table 12-5. Offset and Gain Error B
Page 213 and 214:
R G 23.7 kΩ R FB 280 kΩ R FA 200
Page 215 and 216:
12.10 Test The final circuit is rea
Page 217 and 218:
Chapter 13 Wireless Communication:
Page 219 and 220:
Wireless Systems ality. Image rejec
Page 221 and 222:
Wireless Systems of the DAC, is usu
Page 223 and 224:
Selection of ADCs/DACs The mean squ
Page 225 and 226:
Selection of ADCs/DACs fication. Wi
Page 227 and 228:
Anti-Aliasing Filters The op amp dy
Page 229 and 230:
Communication D/A Converter Reconst
Page 231 and 232:
External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
Page 233 and 234:
External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
Page 235 and 236:
High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
Page 237 and 238:
High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 14 Interfacing D/A Converte
Page 241 and 242:
Understanding the D/A Converter and
Page 243 and 244:
Understanding the D/A Converter and
Page 245 and 246:
D/A Converter Error Budget 14.4.1 A
Page 247 and 248:
D/A Converter Error Budget 20 Ampli
Page 249 and 250:
D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Chapter 15 Sine Wave Oscillators Ro
Page 265 and 266:
Phase Shift in the Oscillator 15.3
Page 267 and 268:
Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
Page 269 and 270:
Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
Page 271 and 272:
Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits Phase
Page 273 and 274:
Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits large
Page 275 and 276:
Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits The i
Page 277 and 278:
Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits R F 1
Page 279 and 280:
Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits V OUT
Page 281 and 282:
Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits resis
Page 283 and 284:
Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15.7.
Page 285 and 286:
Chapter 16 Active Filter Design Tec
Page 287 and 288:
Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters V
Page 289 and 290:
Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters A(
Page 291 and 292:
Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
Page 293 and 294:
Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 10
Page 295 and 296:
Low-Pass Filter Design The multipli
Page 297 and 298:
Low-Pass Filter Design C 1 R 1 R 2
Page 299 and 300:
Low-Pass Filter Design V IN R 1 R 2
Page 301 and 302:
Low-Pass Filter Design The general
Page 303 and 304:
Low-Pass Filter Design In order to
Page 305 and 306:
High-Pass Filter Design With C 1 =
Page 307 and 308:
High-Pass Filter Design 16.4.1 Firs
Page 309 and 310:
High-Pass Filter Design To simplify
Page 311 and 312:
Band-Pass Filter Design R 1 1 1 2
Page 313 and 314:
Band-Pass Filter Design 16.5.1 Seco
Page 315 and 316:
Band-Pass Filter Design Because of
Page 317 and 318:
Band-Pass Filter Design A mi is
Page 319 and 320:
Band-Pass Filter Design In accordan
Page 321 and 322:
Band-Rejection Filter Design |A| [d
Page 323 and 324:
Band-Rejection Filter Design or to
Page 325 and 326:
All-Pass Filter Design 0 |A| — Ga
Page 327 and 328:
All-Pass Filter Design Inserting th
Page 329 and 330:
All-Pass Filter Design The transfer
Page 331 and 332:
Practical Design Hints 16.8 Practic
Page 333 and 334:
Practical Design Hints +V CC +V CC
Page 335 and 336:
Practical Design Hints The differen
Page 337 and 338:
Practical Design Hints 16.8.4 Op Am
Page 339 and 340:
Filter Coefficient Tables 16.9 Filt
Page 341 and 342:
Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
References 16.10 References D.Johns
Page 349 and 350:
Chapter 17 Circuit Board Layout Tec
Page 351 and 352:
PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2 PC
Page 353 and 354:
PCB Mechanical Construction V+ IN -
Page 355 and 356:
Grounding ponents and feed-throughs
Page 357 and 358:
Grounding components carefully if t
Page 359 and 360:
The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Decoupling + Figure 17-15. Logic Ga
Page 371 and 372:
Input and Output Isolation A decoup
Page 373 and 374:
Packages SINGLE DUAL SHORT TRACES L
Page 375 and 376:
Packages and other passive componen
Page 377 and 378:
References 17.8.4 Routing 17.
Page 379 and 380:
Chapter 18 Designing Low-Voltage Op
Page 381 and 382:
Dynamic Range The trick to designin
Page 383 and 384:
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Table 18-1. C
Page 385 and 386:
Input Common-Mode Range Many low vo
Page 387 and 388:
Input Common-Mode Range The input s
Page 389 and 390:
Output Voltage Swing Op amps always
Page 391 and 392:
Single-Supply Circuit Design every
Page 393 and 394:
Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
Page 395 and 396:
DAC to Actuator Analog Interface is
Page 397 and 398:
DAC to Actuator Analog Interface Th
Page 399 and 400:
Comparison of Op Amps Table 18-2. O
Page 401 and 402:
Summary mon-mode range of the op am
Page 403 and 404:
Appendix A Single-Supply Circuit Co
Page 405 and 406:
Introduction + 5 V R G R F +V CC _
Page 407 and 408:
Amplifiers A.3 Amplifiers Many type
Page 409 and 410:
Amplifiers A.3.3 Inverting Op Amp w
Page 411 and 412:
Amplifiers A.3.5 Noninverting Op Am
Page 413 and 414:
Amplifiers A.3.7 Noninverting Op Am
Page 415 and 416:
Amplifiers A.3.9 Differential Ampli
Page 417 and 418:
Amplifiers A.3.11 High Input Impeda
Page 419 and 420:
Amplifiers A.3.13 High-Precision Di
Page 421 and 422:
Amplifiers A.3.15 Variable Gain Dif
Page 423 and 424:
Amplifiers A.3.17 Buffer The buffer
Page 425 and 426:
Amplifiers A.3.19 Noninverting AC A
Page 427 and 428:
Computing Circuits A.4.2 Noninverti
Page 429 and 430:
Computing Circuits A.4.4 Inverting
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Computing Circuits A.4.10 Noninvert
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Oscillators A.5 Oscillators This se
Page 441 and 442:
Oscillators A.5.3 Wien Bridge Oscil
Page 443 and 444:
Oscillators A.5.5 Classical Phase S
Page 445 and 446:
Oscillators A.5.7 Bubba Oscillator
Page 447 and 448:
Appendix BA Single-Supply Op Amp Se
Page 449 and 450:
Table B-1. Single-Supply Operationa
Page 451 and 452:
A AC loads, DAC, 14-2 AC parameters
Page 453 and 454:
low pass filter, 16-1 low-pass filt
Page 455 and 456:
esistor ladder, 14-2 to 14-4 resist
Page 457 and 458:
phase shift for TL07x, 7-5 phase sh
Page 459 and 460:
N Noise, 10-8 to 10-10 avalanche, 1
Page 461 and 462:
packages, 17-24 to 17-27 parallel s
Page 463 and 464:
Theorem Norton’s, 2-5 Superpositi
show all

Op Amps for Everyone - The Repeater Builder's Technical ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?