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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits C 1 10 nF R 1 10 kΩ +5 V _ + V OUT Sine R 2 10 kΩ TLV2474 C 2 10 nF + _ TLV2474 V OUT Cosine 2.5 V R 3 10 kΩ C 3 10 nF Figure 15–20. Quadrature Oscillator V OUT SINE V OUT = 2 V/div V OUT COSINE Time = 500 µs/div Figure 15–21. Output of the Circuit in Figure 15–20 15-20
Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15.7.6 Conclusion Op amp oscillators are restricted to the lower end of the frequency spectrum because they do not have the required bandwidth to achieve low phase shift at high frequencies. The new current-feedback op amps have a much greater bandwidth than the voltage-feedback op amps, but are very difficult to use in oscillator circuits because of their sensitivity to feedback capacitance. Voltage-feedback op amps are limited to tens of Hz (at the most!) because of their low frequency rolloff. The bandwidth is reduced when op amps are cascaded due to the multiple contribution of phase shift. The Wien bridge oscillator has few parts and good frequency stability, but the basic circuit has a high output distortion. AGC improves the distortion considerably, particularly at the lower frequency range. Nonlinear feedback offers the best performance over the mid and upper frequency ranges. The phase shift oscillator has lower output distortion and, without buffering, requires a high gain, which limits the use to very low frequencies. Decreasing cost of op amps and components has reduced the popularity of the phase shift oscillators. The quadrature oscillator only requires two op amps, has reasonable distortion, and offers both sine and cosine waveforms. The drawback is the low amplitude, which may require a higher gain and a reduction in bandwidth, or an additional gain stage. May your oscillators always oscillate, and your amplifiers always amplify. Sine Wave Oscillators 15-21
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Design Reference August 2002 Advanc
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Forward Everyone interested in anal
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Contents Contents 1 The Op Amp’s
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Contents 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Contents 14.4.3 AC Application Erro
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Contents 17.7.1 Through-Hole Consid
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Figures Figures 2-1 Ohm’s Law App
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Figures 7-5 TL08X Frequency and Tim
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Figures 13-12 Differential Amplifie
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Figures 16-41 Comparison of Q Betwe
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Figures A-37 Basic Wien Bridge Osci
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Examples Examples 16-1 First-Order
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Chapter 1 The Op Amp’s Place In T
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The first signal conditioning op am
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Chapter 2 Review of Circuit Theory
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Voltage Divider Rule source, throug
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Thevenin’s Theorem 2.5 Thevenin
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Thevenin’s Theorem V OUT V TH R
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Calculation of a Saturated Transist
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Transistor Amplifier 2 V (from 8 V
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Chapter 3 Development of the Ideal
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The Noninverting Op Amp 3.2 The Non
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The Adder 3-5, and if R F = 100 k a
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Complex Feedback Networks portion o
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Video Amplifiers 3.7 Video Amplifie
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Summary 3.9 Summary When the proper
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Chapter 4 Single-Supply Op Amp Desi
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Circuit Analysis R G R F +V V IN _
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Circuit Analysis V OUT VCC -V IN
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Circuit Analysis R G R F V CC V REF
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Simultaneous Equations m 2 1 0.1
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Simultaneous Equations R F R G R G
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Simultaneous Equations measured 4.5
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Simultaneous Equations +5V R 2 820
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Simultaneous Equations |m| 5.56 R
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Simultaneous Equations 4.3.4 Case 4
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Simultaneous Equations -0.10 -0.15
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Chapter 5 Feedback and Stability Th
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
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Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
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The Second Order Equation and Ringi
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Chapter 6 Development of the Non Id
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Review of the Canonical Equations T
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Noninverting Op Amps 6.3 Noninverti
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Inverting Op Amps The transfer equa
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Differential Op Amps A aZ G Z G Z
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Chapter 7 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp C
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Internal Compensation Figure 7-2 sh
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Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
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Internal Compensation - Large-Signa
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 7.4 Domi
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 100 dB D
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Lead Compensation Gain compensation
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Lead Compensation slopes down at -2
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Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
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Lead-Lag Compensation C R + _ V OUT
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Conclusions Dominant pole compensat
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Chapter 8 Current-Feedback Op Amp A
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The Noninverting CFA output impedan
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The Inverting CFA V OUT V IN Z1 Z
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Stability Analysis 8.6 Stability An
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Selection of the Feedback Resistor
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Stability and Input Capacitance Tab
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Compensation of CF and CG Z F A R
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Chapter 9 Voltage- and Current-Feed
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Bandwidth The noninverting input of
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Bandwidth The CFA is a current oper
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Impedance The CFA stability is not
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Equation Comparison Table 9-1. Tabu
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Chapter 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Characterization 10.2.2 Noise Floor
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Types of Noise 10.3.1 Shot Noise Th
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Types of Noise as average dc curren
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Types of Noise Some characteristics
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Noise Colors There are an infinite
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Op Amp Noise 1000 Hz V n - Input No
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Op Amp Noise can be represented bet
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Op Amp Noise This simplifies the ga
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Putting It All Together 10.6 Puttin
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Putting It All Together When it is
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References +5 V 100 k +5 V 100 k V
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Chapter 11 Understanding Op Amp Par
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Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
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Additional Parameter Information 10
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Additional Parameter Information +V
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Additional Parameter Information of
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Chapter 12 Instrumentation: Sensors
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The system definition specifies the
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pends heavily on test conditions su
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the bias resistor, R 1 , is selecte
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V OUT I D R F (12-6) The phototran
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the semiconductor in a direction pe
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eference has a temperature drift of
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impedance of the transducer. The te
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Y mX b (12-14) Two pairs of data
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Table 12-5. Offset and Gain Error B
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R G 23.7 kΩ R FB 280 kΩ R FA 200
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12.10 Test The final circuit is rea
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Chapter 13 Wireless Communication:
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Wireless Systems ality. Image rejec
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Wireless Systems of the DAC, is usu
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Selection of ADCs/DACs The mean squ
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Selection of ADCs/DACs fication. Wi
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Anti-Aliasing Filters The op amp dy
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Communication D/A Converter Reconst
Page 231 and 232: External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
Page 233 and 234: External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
Page 235 and 236: High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
Page 237 and 238: High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 14 Interfacing D/A Converte
Page 241 and 242: Understanding the D/A Converter and
Page 243 and 244: Understanding the D/A Converter and
Page 245 and 246: D/A Converter Error Budget 14.4.1 A
Page 247 and 248: D/A Converter Error Budget 20 Ampli
Page 249 and 250: D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
Page 257 and 258: Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
Page 263 and 264: Chapter 15 Sine Wave Oscillators Ro
Page 265 and 266: Phase Shift in the Oscillator 15.3
Page 267 and 268: Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
Page 269 and 270: Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
Page 271 and 272: Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits Phase
Page 273 and 274: Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits large
Page 275 and 276: Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits The i
Page 277 and 278: Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits R F 1
Page 279 and 280: Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits V OUT
Page 281: Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits resis
Page 285 and 286: Chapter 16 Active Filter Design Tec
Page 287 and 288: Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters V
Page 289 and 290: Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters A(
Page 291 and 292: Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
Page 293 and 294: Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 10
Page 295 and 296: Low-Pass Filter Design The multipli
Page 297 and 298: Low-Pass Filter Design C 1 R 1 R 2
Page 299 and 300: Low-Pass Filter Design V IN R 1 R 2
Page 301 and 302: Low-Pass Filter Design The general
Page 303 and 304: Low-Pass Filter Design In order to
Page 305 and 306: High-Pass Filter Design With C 1 =
Page 307 and 308: High-Pass Filter Design 16.4.1 Firs
Page 309 and 310: High-Pass Filter Design To simplify
Page 311 and 312: Band-Pass Filter Design R 1 1 1 2
Page 313 and 314: Band-Pass Filter Design 16.5.1 Seco
Page 315 and 316: Band-Pass Filter Design Because of
Page 317 and 318: Band-Pass Filter Design A mi is
Page 319 and 320: Band-Pass Filter Design In accordan
Page 321 and 322: Band-Rejection Filter Design |A| [d
Page 323 and 324: Band-Rejection Filter Design or to
Page 325 and 326: All-Pass Filter Design 0 |A| — Ga
Page 327 and 328: All-Pass Filter Design Inserting th
Page 329 and 330: All-Pass Filter Design The transfer
Page 331 and 332: Practical Design Hints 16.8 Practic
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Practical Design Hints +V CC +V CC
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Practical Design Hints The differen
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Practical Design Hints 16.8.4 Op Am
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Filter Coefficient Tables 16.9 Filt
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Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
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References 16.10 References D.Johns
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Chapter 17 Circuit Board Layout Tec
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2 PC
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PCB Mechanical Construction V+ IN -
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Grounding ponents and feed-throughs
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Grounding components carefully if t
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The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
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Decoupling + Figure 17-15. Logic Ga
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Input and Output Isolation A decoup
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Packages SINGLE DUAL SHORT TRACES L
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Packages and other passive componen
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References 17.8.4 Routing 17.
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Chapter 18 Designing Low-Voltage Op
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Dynamic Range The trick to designin
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio Table 18-1. C
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Input Common-Mode Range Many low vo
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Input Common-Mode Range The input s
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Output Voltage Swing Op amps always
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Single-Supply Circuit Design every
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Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface is
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface Th
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Comparison of Op Amps Table 18-2. O
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Summary mon-mode range of the op am
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Appendix A Single-Supply Circuit Co
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Introduction + 5 V R G R F +V CC _
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Amplifiers A.3 Amplifiers Many type
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Amplifiers A.3.3 Inverting Op Amp w
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Amplifiers A.3.5 Noninverting Op Am
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Amplifiers A.3.7 Noninverting Op Am
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Amplifiers A.3.9 Differential Ampli
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Amplifiers A.3.11 High Input Impeda
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Amplifiers A.3.13 High-Precision Di
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Amplifiers A.3.15 Variable Gain Dif
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Amplifiers A.3.17 Buffer The buffer
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Amplifiers A.3.19 Noninverting AC A
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Computing Circuits A.4.2 Noninverti
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Computing Circuits A.4.4 Inverting
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Computing Circuits A.4.10 Noninvert
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Oscillators A.5 Oscillators This se
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Oscillators A.5.3 Wien Bridge Oscil
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Oscillators A.5.5 Classical Phase S
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Oscillators A.5.7 Bubba Oscillator
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Appendix BA Single-Supply Op Amp Se
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Table B-1. Single-Supply Operationa
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A AC loads, DAC, 14-2 AC parameters
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low pass filter, 16-1 low-pass filt
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esistor ladder, 14-2 to 14-4 resist
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phase shift for TL07x, 7-5 phase sh
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N Noise, 10-8 to 10-10 avalanche, 1
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packages, 17-24 to 17-27 parallel s
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Theorem Norton’s, 2-5 Superpositi
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