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Contents 5.4 Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 5.5 Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Understanding Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12 5.6 The Second Order Equation and Ringing/Overshoot Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15 5.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16 6 Development of the Non Ideal Op Amp Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6.2 Review of the Canonical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 6.3 Noninverting Op Amps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5 6.4 Inverting Op Amps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6 6.5 Differential Op Amps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 7 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 7.2 Internal Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2 7.3 External Compensation, Stability, and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8 7.4 Dominant-Pole Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9 7.5 Gain Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12 7.6 Lead Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13 7.7 Compensated Attenuator Applied to Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16 7.8 Lead-Lag Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-18 7.9 Comparison of Compensation Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20 7.10 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-21 8 Current-Feedback Op Amp Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8.2 CFA Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8.3 Development of the Stability Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 8.4 The Noninverting CFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 8.5 The Inverting CFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5 8.6 Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7 8.7 Selection of the Feedback Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9 8.8 Stability and Input Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11 8.9 Stability and Feedback Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12 8.10 Compensation of CF and CG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13 8.11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14 9 Voltage- and Current-Feedback Op Amp Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.2 Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2 9.3 Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 9.4 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 9.5 Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7 9.6 Equation Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8 iv
Contents 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10.2 Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10.2.1 rms versus P-P Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10.2.2 Noise Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3 10.2.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3 10.2.4 Multiple Noise Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3 10.2.5 Noise Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 10.3 Types of Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 10.3.1 Shot Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5 10.3.2 Thermal Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7 10.3.3 Flicker Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8 10.3.4 Burst Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9 10.3.5 Avalanche Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9 10.4 Noise Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10 10.4.1 White Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 10.4.2 Pink Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 10.4.3 Red/Brown Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 10.5 Op Amp Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 10.5.1 The Noise Corner Frequency and Total Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 10.5.2 The Corner Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 10.5.3 Op Amp Circuit Noise Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14 10.5.4 Inverting Op Amp Circuit Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16 10.5.5 Noninverting Op Amp Circuit Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17 10.5.6 Differential Op Amp Circuit Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-18 10.5.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-18 10.6 Putting It All Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19 10.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23 11 Understanding Op Amp Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 11.2 Operational Amplifier Parameter Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2 11.3 Additional Parameter Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8 11.3.1 Input Offset Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8 11.3.2 Input Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10 11.3.3 Input Common Mode Voltage Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11 11.3.4 Differential Input Voltage Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11 11.3.5 Maximum Output Voltage Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12 11.3.6 Large Signal Differential Voltage Amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-13 11.3.7 Input Parasitic Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-13 11.3.8 Output Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14 11.3.9 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-15 11.3.10 Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-15 11.3.11 Supply Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-16 Contents v
Page 1 and 2: Design Reference August 2002 Advanc
Page 3 and 4: Forward Everyone interested in anal
Page 5: Contents Contents 1 The Op Amp’s
Page 9 and 10: Contents 14.4.3 AC Application Erro
Page 11 and 12: Contents 17.7.1 Through-Hole Consid
Page 13 and 14: Figures Figures 2-1 Ohm’s Law App
Page 15 and 16: Figures 7-5 TL08X Frequency and Tim
Page 17 and 18: Figures 13-12 Differential Amplifie
Page 19 and 20: Figures 16-41 Comparison of Q Betwe
Page 21 and 22: Figures A-37 Basic Wien Bridge Osci
Page 23 and 24: Examples Examples 16-1 First-Order
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 The Op Amp’s Place In T
Page 27 and 28: The first signal conditioning op am
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Review of Circuit Theory
Page 31 and 32: Voltage Divider Rule source, throug
Page 33 and 34: Thevenin’s Theorem 2.5 Thevenin
Page 35 and 36: Thevenin’s Theorem V OUT V TH R
Page 37 and 38: Calculation of a Saturated Transist
Page 39 and 40: Transistor Amplifier 2 V (from 8 V
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Development of the Ideal
Page 43 and 44: The Noninverting Op Amp 3.2 The Non
Page 45 and 46: The Adder 3-5, and if R F = 100 k a
Page 47 and 48: Complex Feedback Networks portion o
Page 49 and 50: Video Amplifiers 3.7 Video Amplifie
Page 51 and 52: Summary 3.9 Summary When the proper
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 4 Single-Supply Op Amp Desi
Page 55 and 56: Circuit Analysis R G R F +V V IN _
Page 57 and 58:
Circuit Analysis V OUT VCC -V IN
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Circuit Analysis R G R F V CC V REF
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Simultaneous Equations m 2 1 0.1
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Simultaneous Equations R F R G R G
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Simultaneous Equations measured 4.5
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Simultaneous Equations +5V R 2 820
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Simultaneous Equations |m| 5.56 R
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Simultaneous Equations 4.3.4 Case 4
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Simultaneous Equations -0.10 -0.15
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Chapter 5 Feedback and Stability Th
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
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Page 85 and 86:
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Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
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The Second Order Equation and Ringi
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Chapter 6 Development of the Non Id
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Review of the Canonical Equations T
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Noninverting Op Amps 6.3 Noninverti
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Inverting Op Amps The transfer equa
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Differential Op Amps A aZ G Z G Z
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Chapter 7 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp C
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Internal Compensation Figure 7-2 sh
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Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
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Internal Compensation - Large-Signa
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 7.4 Domi
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 100 dB D
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Lead Compensation Gain compensation
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Lead Compensation slopes down at -2
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Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
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Lead-Lag Compensation C R + _ V OUT
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Conclusions Dominant pole compensat
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Chapter 8 Current-Feedback Op Amp A
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The Noninverting CFA output impedan
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The Inverting CFA V OUT V IN Z1 Z
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Stability Analysis 8.6 Stability An
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Selection of the Feedback Resistor
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Stability and Input Capacitance Tab
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Compensation of CF and CG Z F A R
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Chapter 9 Voltage- and Current-Feed
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Bandwidth The noninverting input of
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Bandwidth The CFA is a current oper
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Impedance The CFA stability is not
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Equation Comparison Table 9-1. Tabu
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Chapter 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Characterization 10.2.2 Noise Floor
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Types of Noise 10.3.1 Shot Noise Th
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Types of Noise as average dc curren
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Types of Noise Some characteristics
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Noise Colors There are an infinite
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Op Amp Noise 1000 Hz V n - Input No
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Op Amp Noise can be represented bet
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Op Amp Noise This simplifies the ga
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Putting It All Together 10.6 Puttin
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Putting It All Together When it is
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References +5 V 100 k +5 V 100 k V
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Chapter 11 Understanding Op Amp Par
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Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
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Additional Parameter Information 10
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Additional Parameter Information +V
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Additional Parameter Information of
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Chapter 12 Instrumentation: Sensors
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The system definition specifies the
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pends heavily on test conditions su
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the bias resistor, R 1 , is selecte
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V OUT I D R F (12-6) The phototran
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the semiconductor in a direction pe
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eference has a temperature drift of
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impedance of the transducer. The te
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Y mX b (12-14) Two pairs of data
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Table 12-5. Offset and Gain Error B
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R G 23.7 kΩ R FB 280 kΩ R FA 200
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12.10 Test The final circuit is rea
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Chapter 13 Wireless Communication:
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Wireless Systems ality. Image rejec
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Wireless Systems of the DAC, is usu
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Selection of ADCs/DACs The mean squ
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Selection of ADCs/DACs fication. Wi
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Anti-Aliasing Filters The op amp dy
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Communication D/A Converter Reconst
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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Chapter 14 Interfacing D/A Converte
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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D/A Converter Error Budget 14.4.1 A
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D/A Converter Error Budget 20 Ampli
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D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
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Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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Chapter 15 Sine Wave Oscillators Ro
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Phase Shift in the Oscillator 15.3
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Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
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Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits Phase
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits large
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits The i
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits R F 1
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits V OUT
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits resis
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15.7.
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Chapter 16 Active Filter Design Tec
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters V
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters A(
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 10
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Low-Pass Filter Design The multipli
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Low-Pass Filter Design C 1 R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design V IN R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design The general
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Low-Pass Filter Design In order to
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High-Pass Filter Design With C 1 =
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High-Pass Filter Design 16.4.1 Firs
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High-Pass Filter Design To simplify
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Band-Pass Filter Design R 1 1 1 2
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16.5.1 Seco
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Band-Pass Filter Design Because of
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Band-Pass Filter Design A mi is
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Band-Pass Filter Design In accordan
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Band-Rejection Filter Design |A| [d
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Band-Rejection Filter Design or to
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All-Pass Filter Design 0 |A| — Ga
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All-Pass Filter Design Inserting th
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All-Pass Filter Design The transfer
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Practical Design Hints 16.8 Practic
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Practical Design Hints +V CC +V CC
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Practical Design Hints The differen
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Practical Design Hints 16.8.4 Op Am
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Filter Coefficient Tables 16.9 Filt
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Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
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Page 345 and 346:
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References 16.10 References D.Johns
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Chapter 17 Circuit Board Layout Tec
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2 PC
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PCB Mechanical Construction V+ IN -
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Grounding ponents and feed-throughs
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Grounding components carefully if t
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The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
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Decoupling + Figure 17-15. Logic Ga
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Input and Output Isolation A decoup
Page 373 and 374:
Packages SINGLE DUAL SHORT TRACES L
Page 375 and 376:
Packages and other passive componen
Page 377 and 378:
References 17.8.4 Routing 17.
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Chapter 18 Designing Low-Voltage Op
Page 381 and 382:
Dynamic Range The trick to designin
Page 383 and 384:
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Table 18-1. C
Page 385 and 386:
Input Common-Mode Range Many low vo
Page 387 and 388:
Input Common-Mode Range The input s
Page 389 and 390:
Output Voltage Swing Op amps always
Page 391 and 392:
Single-Supply Circuit Design every
Page 393 and 394:
Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
Page 395 and 396:
DAC to Actuator Analog Interface is
Page 397 and 398:
DAC to Actuator Analog Interface Th
Page 399 and 400:
Comparison of Op Amps Table 18-2. O
Page 401 and 402:
Summary mon-mode range of the op am
Page 403 and 404:
Appendix A Single-Supply Circuit Co
Page 405 and 406:
Introduction + 5 V R G R F +V CC _
Page 407 and 408:
Amplifiers A.3 Amplifiers Many type
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Amplifiers A.3.3 Inverting Op Amp w
Page 411 and 412:
Amplifiers A.3.5 Noninverting Op Am
Page 413 and 414:
Amplifiers A.3.7 Noninverting Op Am
Page 415 and 416:
Amplifiers A.3.9 Differential Ampli
Page 417 and 418:
Amplifiers A.3.11 High Input Impeda
Page 419 and 420:
Amplifiers A.3.13 High-Precision Di
Page 421 and 422:
Amplifiers A.3.15 Variable Gain Dif
Page 423 and 424:
Amplifiers A.3.17 Buffer The buffer
Page 425 and 426:
Amplifiers A.3.19 Noninverting AC A
Page 427 and 428:
Computing Circuits A.4.2 Noninverti
Page 429 and 430:
Computing Circuits A.4.4 Inverting
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Computing Circuits A.4.10 Noninvert
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Oscillators A.5 Oscillators This se
Page 441 and 442:
Oscillators A.5.3 Wien Bridge Oscil
Page 443 and 444:
Oscillators A.5.5 Classical Phase S
Page 445 and 446:
Oscillators A.5.7 Bubba Oscillator
Page 447 and 448:
Appendix BA Single-Supply Op Amp Se
Page 449 and 450:
Table B-1. Single-Supply Operationa
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A AC loads, DAC, 14-2 AC parameters
Page 453 and 454:
low pass filter, 16-1 low-pass filt
Page 455 and 456:
esistor ladder, 14-2 to 14-4 resist
Page 457 and 458:
phase shift for TL07x, 7-5 phase sh
Page 459 and 460:
N Noise, 10-8 to 10-10 avalanche, 1
Page 461 and 462:
packages, 17-24 to 17-27 parallel s
Page 463 and 464:
Theorem Norton’s, 2-5 Superpositi
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