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Differential Op Amps 6.5 Differential Op Amps The differential amplifier circuit is shown in Figure 6–7. The dummy variable, V E , is inserted to make the calculations easier, and a is the open loop gain. V 1 V 2 V + Z G Z G V – V E Z F Z F _ a + V OUT Figure 6–7. Differential Amplifier Circuit Equation 6–20 is the circuit transfer equation. V OUT aV E V V (6–20) The positive input voltage, V + , is written in Equation 6–21 with the aid of superposition and the voltage divider rule. V V 2 Z F Z F Z G (6–21) The negative input voltage, V – , is written in Equation 6–22 with the aid of superposition and the voltage divider rule. V V 1 Z F Z F Z G V OUT Z G Z F Z G Combining Equations 6–20, 6–21, and 6–22 yields Equation 6–23. V OUT a V 2 Z F V 1 Z F V OUT Z G Z F Z G Z F Z G Z F Z G (6–22) (6–23) After algebraic manipulation, Equation 6–23 reduces to Equation 6–24. aZ F V OUT Z F Z G V 2 V 1 1 aZ G Z F Z G (6–24) The comparison method reveals that the loop gain as shown in Equation 6–25 is identical to that shown in Equations 6–13 and 6–19. 6-8
Differential Op Amps A aZ G Z G Z F (6–25) Again, the loop gain, which determines stability, is only a function of the closed loop, and independent of the inputs. Development of the Non Ideal Op Amp Equations 6-9
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Design Reference August 2002 Advanc
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Forward Everyone interested in anal
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Contents Contents 1 The Op Amp’s
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Contents 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Contents 14.4.3 AC Application Erro
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Contents 17.7.1 Through-Hole Consid
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Figures Figures 2-1 Ohm’s Law App
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Figures 7-5 TL08X Frequency and Tim
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Figures 13-12 Differential Amplifie
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Figures 16-41 Comparison of Q Betwe
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Figures A-37 Basic Wien Bridge Osci
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Examples Examples 16-1 First-Order
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Chapter 1 The Op Amp’s Place In T
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The first signal conditioning op am
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Chapter 2 Review of Circuit Theory
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Voltage Divider Rule source, throug
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Thevenin’s Theorem 2.5 Thevenin
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Thevenin’s Theorem V OUT V TH R
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Calculation of a Saturated Transist
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Transistor Amplifier 2 V (from 8 V
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Chapter 3 Development of the Ideal
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The Noninverting Op Amp 3.2 The Non
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The Adder 3-5, and if R F = 100 k a
Page 47 and 48: Complex Feedback Networks portion o
Page 49 and 50: Video Amplifiers 3.7 Video Amplifie
Page 51 and 52: Summary 3.9 Summary When the proper
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 4 Single-Supply Op Amp Desi
Page 55 and 56: Circuit Analysis R G R F +V V IN _
Page 57 and 58: Circuit Analysis V OUT VCC -V IN
Page 59 and 60: Circuit Analysis R G R F V CC V REF
Page 61 and 62: Simultaneous Equations m 2 1 0.1
Page 63 and 64: Simultaneous Equations R F R G R G
Page 65 and 66: Simultaneous Equations measured 4.5
Page 67 and 68: Simultaneous Equations +5V R 2 820
Page 69 and 70: Simultaneous Equations |m| 5.56 R
Page 71 and 72: Simultaneous Equations 4.3.4 Case 4
Page 73 and 74: Simultaneous Equations -0.10 -0.15
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 5 Feedback and Stability Th
Page 77 and 78: Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
Page 79 and 80: Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
Page 81 and 82: Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
Page 87 and 88: Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
Page 89 and 90: The Second Order Equation and Ringi
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 6 Development of the Non Id
Page 93 and 94: Review of the Canonical Equations T
Page 95 and 96: Noninverting Op Amps 6.3 Noninverti
Page 97: Inverting Op Amps The transfer equa
Page 101 and 102: Chapter 7 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp C
Page 103 and 104: Internal Compensation Figure 7-2 sh
Page 105 and 106: Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
Page 107 and 108: Internal Compensation - Large-Signa
Page 109 and 110: Dominant-Pole Compensation 7.4 Domi
Page 111 and 112: Dominant-Pole Compensation 100 dB D
Page 113 and 114: Lead Compensation Gain compensation
Page 115 and 116: Lead Compensation slopes down at -2
Page 117 and 118: Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
Page 119 and 120: Lead-Lag Compensation C R + _ V OUT
Page 121 and 122: Conclusions Dominant pole compensat
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 8 Current-Feedback Op Amp A
Page 125 and 126: The Noninverting CFA output impedan
Page 127 and 128: The Inverting CFA V OUT V IN Z1 Z
Page 129 and 130: Stability Analysis 8.6 Stability An
Page 131 and 132: Selection of the Feedback Resistor
Page 133 and 134: Stability and Input Capacitance Tab
Page 135 and 136: Compensation of CF and CG Z F A R
Page 137 and 138: Chapter 9 Voltage- and Current-Feed
Page 139 and 140: Bandwidth The noninverting input of
Page 141 and 142: Bandwidth The CFA is a current oper
Page 143 and 144: Impedance The CFA stability is not
Page 145 and 146: Equation Comparison Table 9-1. Tabu
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Characterization 10.2.2 Noise Floor
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Types of Noise 10.3.1 Shot Noise Th
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Types of Noise as average dc curren
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Types of Noise Some characteristics
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Noise Colors There are an infinite
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Op Amp Noise 1000 Hz V n - Input No
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Op Amp Noise can be represented bet
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Op Amp Noise This simplifies the ga
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Putting It All Together 10.6 Puttin
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Putting It All Together When it is
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References +5 V 100 k +5 V 100 k V
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Chapter 11 Understanding Op Amp Par
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Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
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Additional Parameter Information 10
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Additional Parameter Information +V
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Additional Parameter Information of
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Chapter 12 Instrumentation: Sensors
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The system definition specifies the
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pends heavily on test conditions su
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the bias resistor, R 1 , is selecte
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V OUT I D R F (12-6) The phototran
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the semiconductor in a direction pe
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eference has a temperature drift of
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impedance of the transducer. The te
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Y mX b (12-14) Two pairs of data
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Table 12-5. Offset and Gain Error B
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R G 23.7 kΩ R FB 280 kΩ R FA 200
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12.10 Test The final circuit is rea
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Chapter 13 Wireless Communication:
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Wireless Systems ality. Image rejec
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Wireless Systems of the DAC, is usu
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Selection of ADCs/DACs The mean squ
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Selection of ADCs/DACs fication. Wi
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Anti-Aliasing Filters The op amp dy
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Communication D/A Converter Reconst
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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Chapter 14 Interfacing D/A Converte
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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D/A Converter Error Budget 14.4.1 A
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D/A Converter Error Budget 20 Ampli
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D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
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Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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Chapter 15 Sine Wave Oscillators Ro
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Phase Shift in the Oscillator 15.3
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Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
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Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits Phase
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits large
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits The i
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits R F 1
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits V OUT
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits resis
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15.7.
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Chapter 16 Active Filter Design Tec
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters V
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters A(
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 10
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Low-Pass Filter Design The multipli
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Low-Pass Filter Design C 1 R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design V IN R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design The general
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Low-Pass Filter Design In order to
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High-Pass Filter Design With C 1 =
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High-Pass Filter Design 16.4.1 Firs
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High-Pass Filter Design To simplify
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Band-Pass Filter Design R 1 1 1 2
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16.5.1 Seco
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Band-Pass Filter Design Because of
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Band-Pass Filter Design A mi is
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Band-Pass Filter Design In accordan
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Band-Rejection Filter Design |A| [d
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Band-Rejection Filter Design or to
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All-Pass Filter Design 0 |A| — Ga
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All-Pass Filter Design Inserting th
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All-Pass Filter Design The transfer
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Practical Design Hints 16.8 Practic
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Practical Design Hints +V CC +V CC
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Practical Design Hints The differen
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Practical Design Hints 16.8.4 Op Am
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Filter Coefficient Tables 16.9 Filt
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Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
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References 16.10 References D.Johns
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Chapter 17 Circuit Board Layout Tec
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2 PC
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PCB Mechanical Construction V+ IN -
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Grounding ponents and feed-throughs
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Grounding components carefully if t
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The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
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Decoupling + Figure 17-15. Logic Ga
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Input and Output Isolation A decoup
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Packages SINGLE DUAL SHORT TRACES L
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Packages and other passive componen
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References 17.8.4 Routing 17.
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Chapter 18 Designing Low-Voltage Op
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Dynamic Range The trick to designin
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio Table 18-1. C
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Input Common-Mode Range Many low vo
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Input Common-Mode Range The input s
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Output Voltage Swing Op amps always
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Single-Supply Circuit Design every
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Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface is
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface Th
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Comparison of Op Amps Table 18-2. O
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Summary mon-mode range of the op am
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Appendix A Single-Supply Circuit Co
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Introduction + 5 V R G R F +V CC _
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Amplifiers A.3 Amplifiers Many type
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Amplifiers A.3.3 Inverting Op Amp w
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Amplifiers A.3.5 Noninverting Op Am
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Amplifiers A.3.7 Noninverting Op Am
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Amplifiers A.3.9 Differential Ampli
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Amplifiers A.3.11 High Input Impeda
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Amplifiers A.3.13 High-Precision Di
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Amplifiers A.3.15 Variable Gain Dif
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Amplifiers A.3.17 Buffer The buffer
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Amplifiers A.3.19 Noninverting AC A
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Computing Circuits A.4.2 Noninverti
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Computing Circuits A.4.4 Inverting
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Computing Circuits A.4.10 Noninvert
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Oscillators A.5 Oscillators This se
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Oscillators A.5.3 Wien Bridge Oscil
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Oscillators A.5.5 Classical Phase S
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Oscillators A.5.7 Bubba Oscillator
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Appendix BA Single-Supply Op Amp Se
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Table B-1. Single-Supply Operationa
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A AC loads, DAC, 14-2 AC parameters
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low pass filter, 16-1 low-pass filt
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esistor ladder, 14-2 to 14-4 resist
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phase shift for TL07x, 7-5 phase sh
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N Noise, 10-8 to 10-10 avalanche, 1
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packages, 17-24 to 17-27 parallel s
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Theorem Norton’s, 2-5 Superpositi
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