Op Amps for Everyone - The Repeater Builder's Technical ...

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Transistor Amplifier approximately R C /R E1 because C E shorts out R E2 at high frequencies, so we can write Equation 2–38. 4 100 (2–39) R E2 R E R E1 400 100 300 R E1 R C G 400 (2–38) The capacitor selection depends on the frequency response required for the amplifier, but 10 µF for C IN and 1000 µF for C E suffice for a starting point. 2-12
Chapter 3 Development of the Ideal Op Amp Equations Ron Mancini 3.1 Ideal Op Amp Assumptions The name Ideal Op Amp is applied to this and similar analysis because the salient parameters of the op amp are assumed to be perfect. There is no such thing as an ideal op amp, but present day op amps come so close to ideal that Ideal Op Amp analysis approaches actual analysis. Op amps depart from the ideal in two ways. First, dc parameters such as input offset voltage are large enough to cause departure from the ideal. The ideal assumes that input offset voltage is zero. Second, ac parameters such as gain are a function of frequency, so they go from large values at dc to small values at high frequencies. This assumption simplifies the analysis, thus it clears the path for insight. It is so much easier to see the forest when the brush and huge trees are cleared away. Although the ideal op amp analysis makes use of perfect parameters, the analysis is often valid because some op amps approach perfection. In addition, when working at low frequencies, several kHz, the ideal op amp analysis produces accurate answers. Voltage feedback op amps are covered in this chapter, and current feedback op amps are covered in Chapter 8. Several assumptions have to be made before the ideal op amp analysis can proceed. First, assume that the current flow into the input leads of the op amp is zero. This assumption is almost true in FET op amps where input currents can be less than a pA, but this is not always true in bipolar high-speed op amps where tens of µA input currents are found. Second, the op amp gain is assumed to be infinite, hence it drives the output voltage to any value to satisfy the input conditions. This assumes that the op amp output voltage can achieve any value. In reality, saturation occurs when the output voltage comes close to a power supply rail, but reality does not negate the assumption, it only bounds it. Also, implicit in the infinite gain assumption is the need for zero input signal. The gain drives the output voltage until the voltage between the input leads (the error voltage) is zero. This leads to the third assumption that the voltage between the input leads is zero. The implication of zero voltage between the input leads means that if one input is tied to 3-1
Page 1 and 2: Design Reference August 2002 Advanc
Page 3 and 4: Forward Everyone interested in anal
Page 5 and 6: Contents Contents 1 The Op Amp’s
Page 7 and 8: Contents 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
Page 9 and 10: Contents 14.4.3 AC Application Erro
Page 11 and 12: Contents 17.7.1 Through-Hole Consid
Page 13 and 14: Figures Figures 2-1 Ohm’s Law App
Page 15 and 16: Figures 7-5 TL08X Frequency and Tim
Page 17 and 18: Figures 13-12 Differential Amplifie
Page 19 and 20: Figures 16-41 Comparison of Q Betwe
Page 21 and 22: Figures A-37 Basic Wien Bridge Osci
Page 23 and 24: Examples Examples 16-1 First-Order
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 The Op Amp’s Place In T
Page 27 and 28: The first signal conditioning op am
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Review of Circuit Theory
Page 31 and 32: Voltage Divider Rule source, throug
Page 33 and 34: Thevenin’s Theorem 2.5 Thevenin
Page 35 and 36: Thevenin’s Theorem V OUT V TH R
Page 37 and 38: Calculation of a Saturated Transist
Page 39: Transistor Amplifier 2 V (from 8 V
Page 43 and 44: The Noninverting Op Amp 3.2 The Non
Page 45 and 46: The Adder 3-5, and if R F = 100 k a
Page 47 and 48: Complex Feedback Networks portion o
Page 49 and 50: Video Amplifiers 3.7 Video Amplifie
Page 51 and 52: Summary 3.9 Summary When the proper
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 4 Single-Supply Op Amp Desi
Page 55 and 56: Circuit Analysis R G R F +V V IN _
Page 57 and 58: Circuit Analysis V OUT VCC -V IN
Page 59 and 60: Circuit Analysis R G R F V CC V REF
Page 61 and 62: Simultaneous Equations m 2 1 0.1
Page 63 and 64: Simultaneous Equations R F R G R G
Page 65 and 66: Simultaneous Equations measured 4.5
Page 67 and 68: Simultaneous Equations +5V R 2 820
Page 69 and 70: Simultaneous Equations |m| 5.56 R
Page 71 and 72: Simultaneous Equations 4.3.4 Case 4
Page 73 and 74: Simultaneous Equations -0.10 -0.15
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 5 Feedback and Stability Th
Page 77 and 78: Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
Page 79 and 80: Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
Page 81 and 82: Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
Page 87 and 88: Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
Page 89 and 90: The Second Order Equation and Ringi
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 6 Development of the Non Id
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Review of the Canonical Equations T
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Noninverting Op Amps 6.3 Noninverti
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Inverting Op Amps The transfer equa
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Differential Op Amps A aZ G Z G Z
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Chapter 7 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp C
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Internal Compensation Figure 7-2 sh
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Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
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Internal Compensation - Large-Signa
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 7.4 Domi
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 100 dB D
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Lead Compensation Gain compensation
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Lead Compensation slopes down at -2
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Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
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Lead-Lag Compensation C R + _ V OUT
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Conclusions Dominant pole compensat
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Chapter 8 Current-Feedback Op Amp A
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The Noninverting CFA output impedan
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The Inverting CFA V OUT V IN Z1 Z
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Stability Analysis 8.6 Stability An
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Selection of the Feedback Resistor
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Stability and Input Capacitance Tab
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Compensation of CF and CG Z F A R
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Chapter 9 Voltage- and Current-Feed
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Bandwidth The noninverting input of
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Bandwidth The CFA is a current oper
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Impedance The CFA stability is not
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Equation Comparison Table 9-1. Tabu
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Chapter 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
Page 149 and 150:
Characterization 10.2.2 Noise Floor
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Types of Noise 10.3.1 Shot Noise Th
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Types of Noise as average dc curren
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Types of Noise Some characteristics
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Noise Colors There are an infinite
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Op Amp Noise 1000 Hz V n - Input No
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Op Amp Noise can be represented bet
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Op Amp Noise This simplifies the ga
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Putting It All Together 10.6 Puttin
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Putting It All Together When it is
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References +5 V 100 k +5 V 100 k V
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Chapter 11 Understanding Op Amp Par
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Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
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Page 179 and 180:
Additional Parameter Information 10
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Additional Parameter Information +V
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Additional Parameter Information of
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Chapter 12 Instrumentation: Sensors
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The system definition specifies the
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pends heavily on test conditions su
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the bias resistor, R 1 , is selecte
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V OUT I D R F (12-6) The phototran
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the semiconductor in a direction pe
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eference has a temperature drift of
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impedance of the transducer. The te
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Y mX b (12-14) Two pairs of data
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Table 12-5. Offset and Gain Error B
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R G 23.7 kΩ R FB 280 kΩ R FA 200
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12.10 Test The final circuit is rea
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Chapter 13 Wireless Communication:
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Wireless Systems ality. Image rejec
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Wireless Systems of the DAC, is usu
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Selection of ADCs/DACs The mean squ
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Selection of ADCs/DACs fication. Wi
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Anti-Aliasing Filters The op amp dy
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Communication D/A Converter Reconst
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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Chapter 14 Interfacing D/A Converte
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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D/A Converter Error Budget 14.4.1 A
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D/A Converter Error Budget 20 Ampli
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D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
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Page 257 and 258:
Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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Chapter 15 Sine Wave Oscillators Ro
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Phase Shift in the Oscillator 15.3
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Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
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Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits Phase
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits large
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits The i
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits R F 1
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits V OUT
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits resis
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15.7.
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Chapter 16 Active Filter Design Tec
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters V
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters A(
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 10
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Low-Pass Filter Design The multipli
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Low-Pass Filter Design C 1 R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design V IN R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design The general
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Low-Pass Filter Design In order to
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High-Pass Filter Design With C 1 =
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High-Pass Filter Design 16.4.1 Firs
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High-Pass Filter Design To simplify
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Band-Pass Filter Design R 1 1 1 2
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16.5.1 Seco
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Band-Pass Filter Design Because of
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Band-Pass Filter Design A mi is
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Band-Pass Filter Design In accordan
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Band-Rejection Filter Design |A| [d
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Band-Rejection Filter Design or to
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All-Pass Filter Design 0 |A| — Ga
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All-Pass Filter Design Inserting th
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All-Pass Filter Design The transfer
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Practical Design Hints 16.8 Practic
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Practical Design Hints +V CC +V CC
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Practical Design Hints The differen
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Practical Design Hints 16.8.4 Op Am
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Filter Coefficient Tables 16.9 Filt
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Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
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References 16.10 References D.Johns
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Chapter 17 Circuit Board Layout Tec
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2 PC
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PCB Mechanical Construction V+ IN -
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Grounding ponents and feed-throughs
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Grounding components carefully if t
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The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
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Decoupling + Figure 17-15. Logic Ga
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Input and Output Isolation A decoup
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Packages SINGLE DUAL SHORT TRACES L
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Packages and other passive componen
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References 17.8.4 Routing 17.
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Chapter 18 Designing Low-Voltage Op
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Dynamic Range The trick to designin
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio Table 18-1. C
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Input Common-Mode Range Many low vo
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Input Common-Mode Range The input s
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Output Voltage Swing Op amps always
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Single-Supply Circuit Design every
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Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface is
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface Th
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Comparison of Op Amps Table 18-2. O
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Summary mon-mode range of the op am
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Appendix A Single-Supply Circuit Co
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Introduction + 5 V R G R F +V CC _
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Amplifiers A.3 Amplifiers Many type
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Amplifiers A.3.3 Inverting Op Amp w
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Amplifiers A.3.5 Noninverting Op Am
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Amplifiers A.3.7 Noninverting Op Am
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Amplifiers A.3.9 Differential Ampli
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Amplifiers A.3.11 High Input Impeda
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Amplifiers A.3.13 High-Precision Di
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Amplifiers A.3.15 Variable Gain Dif
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Amplifiers A.3.17 Buffer The buffer
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Amplifiers A.3.19 Noninverting AC A
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Computing Circuits A.4.2 Noninverti
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Computing Circuits A.4.4 Inverting
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Computing Circuits A.4.10 Noninvert
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Oscillators A.5 Oscillators This se
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Oscillators A.5.3 Wien Bridge Oscil
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Oscillators A.5.5 Classical Phase S
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Oscillators A.5.7 Bubba Oscillator
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Appendix BA Single-Supply Op Amp Se
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Table B-1. Single-Supply Operationa
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A AC loads, DAC, 14-2 AC parameters
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low pass filter, 16-1 low-pass filt
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esistor ladder, 14-2 to 14-4 resist
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phase shift for TL07x, 7-5 phase sh
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N Noise, 10-8 to 10-10 avalanche, 1
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packages, 17-24 to 17-27 parallel s
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Theorem Norton’s, 2-5 Superpositi
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