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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface of R 1 introduces about 3% error in the b coefficient, and this error shows up in the transfer function as an intercept rather than a slope error. The parallel resistance of R 1 and R 2 is approximately 0.82 kΩ and this is much less than R G which is 20 kΩ, thus the earlier assumption that R 1 ||R 2
DAC to Actuator Analog Interface is to terminate the DAC output in a resistor that converts current into voltage, and then level shift and amplify the terminated voltage. The circuit that performs this function is shown in Figure 18–12. +V CC R T I +V CC + _ V OUT V REF R G R F Figure 18–12. DAC Current Source to Actuator Interface Circuit The DAC output current sources from I OUT(ZEROS) = 1 mA to I OUT(ONES) = 2 mA at an output compliance of 4.33 V. The actuator requires an input voltage swing of V IN1 = 1 V to V IN2 = 4 V to drive it, and its input resistance is 100 kΩ. The system specifications include one 5-V power supply and 5% resistors. The DAC is connected to input of the amplifier (see Figure 18–11), so its output current swing is renamed I IN , and the actuator is connected to the output of the amplifier, so its input voltage range is renamed V OUT . Now, two data points are constructed as I IN1 = 1 mA @ V OUT1 = 1 V and I IN2 = 2 mA @ V OUT2 = 4 V. The data points are substituted into the Equation 18–20. Don’t worry about the sign of m or b because it is determined by the math, and it is substituted into the equation that determines the transfer equation. The simultaneous equations are given below. V OUT mI IN b 1 m b 4 2m b (18–20) (18–21) (18–22) From these equations we find that b = –2 and m = 3. The slope and intercept values are substituted into Equation 18–20 to get Equation 18–23. V OUT 3I IN 2 (18–23) The equation for the circuit shown in Figure 18–12 is derived with the aid of superposition, and it is given below in Equation 18–24. V OUT I IN R T 1 R F R G V REF R F R G (18–24) Comparing terms between Equations 18–20 and 18–24 enables the extraction of m and b. Designing Low-Voltage Op Amp Circuits 18-17
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Design Reference August 2002 Advanc
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Forward Everyone interested in anal
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Contents Contents 1 The Op Amp’s
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Contents 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Contents 14.4.3 AC Application Erro
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Contents 17.7.1 Through-Hole Consid
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Figures Figures 2-1 Ohm’s Law App
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Figures 7-5 TL08X Frequency and Tim
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Figures 13-12 Differential Amplifie
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Figures 16-41 Comparison of Q Betwe
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Figures A-37 Basic Wien Bridge Osci
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Examples Examples 16-1 First-Order
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Chapter 1 The Op Amp’s Place In T
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The first signal conditioning op am
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Chapter 2 Review of Circuit Theory
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Voltage Divider Rule source, throug
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Thevenin’s Theorem 2.5 Thevenin
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Thevenin’s Theorem V OUT V TH R
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Calculation of a Saturated Transist
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Transistor Amplifier 2 V (from 8 V
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Chapter 3 Development of the Ideal
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The Noninverting Op Amp 3.2 The Non
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The Adder 3-5, and if R F = 100 k a
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Complex Feedback Networks portion o
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Video Amplifiers 3.7 Video Amplifie
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Summary 3.9 Summary When the proper
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Chapter 4 Single-Supply Op Amp Desi
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Circuit Analysis R G R F +V V IN _
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Circuit Analysis V OUT VCC -V IN
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Circuit Analysis R G R F V CC V REF
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Simultaneous Equations m 2 1 0.1
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Simultaneous Equations R F R G R G
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Simultaneous Equations measured 4.5
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Simultaneous Equations +5V R 2 820
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Simultaneous Equations |m| 5.56 R
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Simultaneous Equations 4.3.4 Case 4
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Simultaneous Equations -0.10 -0.15
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Chapter 5 Feedback and Stability Th
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
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Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
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The Second Order Equation and Ringi
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Chapter 6 Development of the Non Id
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Review of the Canonical Equations T
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Noninverting Op Amps 6.3 Noninverti
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Inverting Op Amps The transfer equa
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Differential Op Amps A aZ G Z G Z
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Chapter 7 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp C
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Internal Compensation Figure 7-2 sh
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Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
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Internal Compensation - Large-Signa
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 7.4 Domi
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 100 dB D
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Lead Compensation Gain compensation
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Lead Compensation slopes down at -2
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Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
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Lead-Lag Compensation C R + _ V OUT
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Conclusions Dominant pole compensat
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Chapter 8 Current-Feedback Op Amp A
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The Noninverting CFA output impedan
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The Inverting CFA V OUT V IN Z1 Z
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Stability Analysis 8.6 Stability An
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Selection of the Feedback Resistor
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Stability and Input Capacitance Tab
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Compensation of CF and CG Z F A R
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Chapter 9 Voltage- and Current-Feed
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Bandwidth The noninverting input of
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Bandwidth The CFA is a current oper
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Impedance The CFA stability is not
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Equation Comparison Table 9-1. Tabu
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Chapter 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Characterization 10.2.2 Noise Floor
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Types of Noise 10.3.1 Shot Noise Th
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Types of Noise as average dc curren
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Types of Noise Some characteristics
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Noise Colors There are an infinite
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Op Amp Noise 1000 Hz V n - Input No
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Op Amp Noise can be represented bet
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Op Amp Noise This simplifies the ga
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Putting It All Together 10.6 Puttin
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Putting It All Together When it is
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References +5 V 100 k +5 V 100 k V
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Chapter 11 Understanding Op Amp Par
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Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
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Additional Parameter Information 10
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Additional Parameter Information +V
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Additional Parameter Information of
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Chapter 12 Instrumentation: Sensors
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The system definition specifies the
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pends heavily on test conditions su
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the bias resistor, R 1 , is selecte
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V OUT I D R F (12-6) The phototran
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the semiconductor in a direction pe
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eference has a temperature drift of
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impedance of the transducer. The te
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Y mX b (12-14) Two pairs of data
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Table 12-5. Offset and Gain Error B
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R G 23.7 kΩ R FB 280 kΩ R FA 200
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12.10 Test The final circuit is rea
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Chapter 13 Wireless Communication:
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Wireless Systems ality. Image rejec
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Wireless Systems of the DAC, is usu
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Selection of ADCs/DACs The mean squ
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Selection of ADCs/DACs fication. Wi
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Anti-Aliasing Filters The op amp dy
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Communication D/A Converter Reconst
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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Chapter 14 Interfacing D/A Converte
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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D/A Converter Error Budget 14.4.1 A
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D/A Converter Error Budget 20 Ampli
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D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
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Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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Chapter 15 Sine Wave Oscillators Ro
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Phase Shift in the Oscillator 15.3
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Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
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Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits Phase
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits large
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits The i
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits R F 1
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits V OUT
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits resis
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15.7.
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Chapter 16 Active Filter Design Tec
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters V
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters A(
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 10
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Low-Pass Filter Design The multipli
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Low-Pass Filter Design C 1 R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design V IN R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design The general
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Low-Pass Filter Design In order to
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High-Pass Filter Design With C 1 =
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High-Pass Filter Design 16.4.1 Firs
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High-Pass Filter Design To simplify
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Band-Pass Filter Design R 1 1 1 2
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16.5.1 Seco
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Band-Pass Filter Design Because of
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Band-Pass Filter Design A mi is
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Band-Pass Filter Design In accordan
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Band-Rejection Filter Design |A| [d
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Band-Rejection Filter Design or to
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All-Pass Filter Design 0 |A| — Ga
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All-Pass Filter Design Inserting th
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All-Pass Filter Design The transfer
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Practical Design Hints 16.8 Practic
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Practical Design Hints +V CC +V CC
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Practical Design Hints The differen
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Practical Design Hints 16.8.4 Op Am
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Filter Coefficient Tables 16.9 Filt
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Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
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Page 345 and 346: Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
Page 347 and 348: References 16.10 References D.Johns
Page 349 and 350: Chapter 17 Circuit Board Layout Tec
Page 351 and 352: PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2 PC
Page 353 and 354: PCB Mechanical Construction V+ IN -
Page 355 and 356: Grounding ponents and feed-throughs
Page 357 and 358: Grounding components carefully if t
Page 359 and 360: The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
Page 369 and 370: Decoupling + Figure 17-15. Logic Ga
Page 371 and 372: Input and Output Isolation A decoup
Page 373 and 374: Packages SINGLE DUAL SHORT TRACES L
Page 375 and 376: Packages and other passive componen
Page 377 and 378: References 17.8.4 Routing 17.
Page 379 and 380: Chapter 18 Designing Low-Voltage Op
Page 381 and 382: Dynamic Range The trick to designin
Page 383 and 384: Signal-to-Noise Ratio Table 18-1. C
Page 385 and 386: Input Common-Mode Range Many low vo
Page 387 and 388: Input Common-Mode Range The input s
Page 389 and 390: Output Voltage Swing Op amps always
Page 391 and 392: Single-Supply Circuit Design every
Page 393: Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
Page 397 and 398: DAC to Actuator Analog Interface Th
Page 399 and 400: Comparison of Op Amps Table 18-2. O
Page 401 and 402: Summary mon-mode range of the op am
Page 403 and 404: Appendix A Single-Supply Circuit Co
Page 405 and 406: Introduction + 5 V R G R F +V CC _
Page 407 and 408: Amplifiers A.3 Amplifiers Many type
Page 409 and 410: Amplifiers A.3.3 Inverting Op Amp w
Page 411 and 412: Amplifiers A.3.5 Noninverting Op Am
Page 413 and 414: Amplifiers A.3.7 Noninverting Op Am
Page 415 and 416: Amplifiers A.3.9 Differential Ampli
Page 417 and 418: Amplifiers A.3.11 High Input Impeda
Page 419 and 420: Amplifiers A.3.13 High-Precision Di
Page 421 and 422: Amplifiers A.3.15 Variable Gain Dif
Page 423 and 424: Amplifiers A.3.17 Buffer The buffer
Page 425 and 426: Amplifiers A.3.19 Noninverting AC A
Page 427 and 428: Computing Circuits A.4.2 Noninverti
Page 429 and 430: Computing Circuits A.4.4 Inverting
Page 435 and 436: Computing Circuits A.4.10 Noninvert
Page 439 and 440: Oscillators A.5 Oscillators This se
Page 441 and 442: Oscillators A.5.3 Wien Bridge Oscil
Page 443 and 444: Oscillators A.5.5 Classical Phase S
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Oscillators A.5.7 Bubba Oscillator
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Appendix BA Single-Supply Op Amp Se
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Table B-1. Single-Supply Operationa
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A AC loads, DAC, 14-2 AC parameters
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low pass filter, 16-1 low-pass filt
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esistor ladder, 14-2 to 14-4 resist
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phase shift for TL07x, 7-5 phase sh
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N Noise, 10-8 to 10-10 avalanche, 1
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packages, 17-24 to 17-27 parallel s
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Theorem Norton’s, 2-5 Superpositi
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