Op Amps for Everyone - The Repeater Builder's Technical ...

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Block Diagram Math and Manipulations The input impedance of each block is assumed to be infinite to preclude loading. Also, the output impedance of each block is assumed to be zero to enable high fan-out. The systems designer sets the actual impedance levels, but the fan-out assumption is valid because the block designers adhere to the system designer’s specifications. All blocks multiply the input times the block quantity (see Figure 5–1) unless otherwise specified within the block. The quantity within the block can be a constant as shown in Figure 5–1(c), or it can be a complex math function involving Laplace transforms. The blocks can perform time-based operations such as differentiation and integration. OUTPUT INPUT V O (a) Input/Output Impedance A Block Description B (b) Signal Flow Arrows A K B B = AK (c) Block Multiplication V I d dt V O = dVI dt (d) Blocks Perform Functions as Indicated Figure 5–1. Definition of Blocks Adding and subtracting are done in special blocks called summing points. Figure 5–2 gives several examples of summing points. Summing points can have unlimited inputs, can add or subtract, and can have mixed signs yielding addition and subtraction within a single summing point. Figure 5–3 defines the terms in a typical control system, and Figure 5–4 defines the terms in a typical electronic feedback system. Multiloop feedback systems (Figure 5–5) are intimidating, but they can be reduced to a single loop feedback system, as shown in the figure, by writing equations and solving for V OUT /V IN . An easier method for reducing multiloop feedback systems to single loop feedback systems is to follow the rules and use the transforms given in Figure 5–6. 5-2
Block Diagram Math and Manipulations C A + + A+B A + – A–B A + – + A+B–C B B B (a) Additive Summary Point (b) Subtractive Summary Point (c) Multiple Input Summary Points Figure 5–2. Summary Points Disturbance Reference Input Σ Actuating Signal R + ± E =R ±B B Primary Feedback Signal Control Elements G 1 Manipulated Variable M Forward Path Feedback Elements H Plant G 1 U C Controlled Output Feedback Path Figure 5–3. Definition of Control System Terms V IN Σ E ERROR A V OUT β Figure 5–4. Definition of an Electronic Feedback Circuit Feedback and Stability Theory 5-3
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Design Reference August 2002 Advanc
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Forward Everyone interested in anal
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Contents Contents 1 The Op Amp’s
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Contents 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Contents 14.4.3 AC Application Erro
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Contents 17.7.1 Through-Hole Consid
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Figures Figures 2-1 Ohm’s Law App
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Figures 7-5 TL08X Frequency and Tim
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Figures 13-12 Differential Amplifie
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Figures 16-41 Comparison of Q Betwe
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Figures A-37 Basic Wien Bridge Osci
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Examples Examples 16-1 First-Order
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 The Op Amp’s Place In T
Page 27 and 28: The first signal conditioning op am
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Review of Circuit Theory
Page 31 and 32: Voltage Divider Rule source, throug
Page 33 and 34: Thevenin’s Theorem 2.5 Thevenin
Page 35 and 36: Thevenin’s Theorem V OUT V TH R
Page 37 and 38: Calculation of a Saturated Transist
Page 39 and 40: Transistor Amplifier 2 V (from 8 V
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Development of the Ideal
Page 43 and 44: The Noninverting Op Amp 3.2 The Non
Page 45 and 46: The Adder 3-5, and if R F = 100 k a
Page 47 and 48: Complex Feedback Networks portion o
Page 49 and 50: Video Amplifiers 3.7 Video Amplifie
Page 51 and 52: Summary 3.9 Summary When the proper
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 4 Single-Supply Op Amp Desi
Page 55 and 56: Circuit Analysis R G R F +V V IN _
Page 57 and 58: Circuit Analysis V OUT VCC -V IN
Page 59 and 60: Circuit Analysis R G R F V CC V REF
Page 61 and 62: Simultaneous Equations m 2 1 0.1
Page 63 and 64: Simultaneous Equations R F R G R G
Page 65 and 66: Simultaneous Equations measured 4.5
Page 67 and 68: Simultaneous Equations +5V R 2 820
Page 69 and 70: Simultaneous Equations |m| 5.56 R
Page 71 and 72: Simultaneous Equations 4.3.4 Case 4
Page 73 and 74: Simultaneous Equations -0.10 -0.15
Page 75: Chapter 5 Feedback and Stability Th
Page 79 and 80: Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
Page 81 and 82: Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
Page 87 and 88: Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
Page 89 and 90: The Second Order Equation and Ringi
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 6 Development of the Non Id
Page 93 and 94: Review of the Canonical Equations T
Page 95 and 96: Noninverting Op Amps 6.3 Noninverti
Page 97 and 98: Inverting Op Amps The transfer equa
Page 99 and 100: Differential Op Amps A aZ G Z G Z
Page 101 and 102: Chapter 7 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp C
Page 103 and 104: Internal Compensation Figure 7-2 sh
Page 105 and 106: Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
Page 107 and 108: Internal Compensation - Large-Signa
Page 109 and 110: Dominant-Pole Compensation 7.4 Domi
Page 111 and 112: Dominant-Pole Compensation 100 dB D
Page 113 and 114: Lead Compensation Gain compensation
Page 115 and 116: Lead Compensation slopes down at -2
Page 117 and 118: Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
Page 119 and 120: Lead-Lag Compensation C R + _ V OUT
Page 121 and 122: Conclusions Dominant pole compensat
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 8 Current-Feedback Op Amp A
Page 125 and 126: The Noninverting CFA output impedan
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The Inverting CFA V OUT V IN Z1 Z
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Stability Analysis 8.6 Stability An
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Selection of the Feedback Resistor
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Stability and Input Capacitance Tab
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Compensation of CF and CG Z F A R
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Chapter 9 Voltage- and Current-Feed
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Bandwidth The noninverting input of
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Bandwidth The CFA is a current oper
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Impedance The CFA stability is not
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Equation Comparison Table 9-1. Tabu
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Chapter 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Characterization 10.2.2 Noise Floor
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Types of Noise 10.3.1 Shot Noise Th
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Types of Noise as average dc curren
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Types of Noise Some characteristics
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Noise Colors There are an infinite
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Op Amp Noise 1000 Hz V n - Input No
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Op Amp Noise can be represented bet
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Op Amp Noise This simplifies the ga
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Putting It All Together 10.6 Puttin
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Putting It All Together When it is
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References +5 V 100 k +5 V 100 k V
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Chapter 11 Understanding Op Amp Par
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Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
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Additional Parameter Information 10
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Additional Parameter Information +V
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Additional Parameter Information of
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Chapter 12 Instrumentation: Sensors
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The system definition specifies the
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pends heavily on test conditions su
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the bias resistor, R 1 , is selecte
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V OUT I D R F (12-6) The phototran
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the semiconductor in a direction pe
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eference has a temperature drift of
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impedance of the transducer. The te
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Y mX b (12-14) Two pairs of data
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Table 12-5. Offset and Gain Error B
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R G 23.7 kΩ R FB 280 kΩ R FA 200
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12.10 Test The final circuit is rea
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Chapter 13 Wireless Communication:
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Wireless Systems ality. Image rejec
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Wireless Systems of the DAC, is usu
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Selection of ADCs/DACs The mean squ
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Selection of ADCs/DACs fication. Wi
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Anti-Aliasing Filters The op amp dy
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Communication D/A Converter Reconst
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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Chapter 14 Interfacing D/A Converte
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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D/A Converter Error Budget 14.4.1 A
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D/A Converter Error Budget 20 Ampli
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D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
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Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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Chapter 15 Sine Wave Oscillators Ro
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Phase Shift in the Oscillator 15.3
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Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
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Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits Phase
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits large
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits The i
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits R F 1
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits V OUT
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits resis
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15.7.
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Chapter 16 Active Filter Design Tec
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters V
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters A(
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 10
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Low-Pass Filter Design The multipli
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Low-Pass Filter Design C 1 R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design V IN R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design The general
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Low-Pass Filter Design In order to
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High-Pass Filter Design With C 1 =
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High-Pass Filter Design 16.4.1 Firs
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High-Pass Filter Design To simplify
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Band-Pass Filter Design R 1 1 1 2
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16.5.1 Seco
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Band-Pass Filter Design Because of
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Band-Pass Filter Design A mi is
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Band-Pass Filter Design In accordan
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Band-Rejection Filter Design |A| [d
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Band-Rejection Filter Design or to
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All-Pass Filter Design 0 |A| — Ga
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All-Pass Filter Design Inserting th
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All-Pass Filter Design The transfer
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Practical Design Hints 16.8 Practic
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Practical Design Hints +V CC +V CC
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Practical Design Hints The differen
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Practical Design Hints 16.8.4 Op Am
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Filter Coefficient Tables 16.9 Filt
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Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
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References 16.10 References D.Johns
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Chapter 17 Circuit Board Layout Tec
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2 PC
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PCB Mechanical Construction V+ IN -
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Grounding ponents and feed-throughs
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Grounding components carefully if t
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The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
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Decoupling + Figure 17-15. Logic Ga
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Input and Output Isolation A decoup
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Packages SINGLE DUAL SHORT TRACES L
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Packages and other passive componen
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References 17.8.4 Routing 17.
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Chapter 18 Designing Low-Voltage Op
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Dynamic Range The trick to designin
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio Table 18-1. C
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Input Common-Mode Range Many low vo
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Input Common-Mode Range The input s
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Output Voltage Swing Op amps always
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Single-Supply Circuit Design every
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Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface is
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface Th
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Comparison of Op Amps Table 18-2. O
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Summary mon-mode range of the op am
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Appendix A Single-Supply Circuit Co
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Introduction + 5 V R G R F +V CC _
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Amplifiers A.3 Amplifiers Many type
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Amplifiers A.3.3 Inverting Op Amp w
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Amplifiers A.3.5 Noninverting Op Am
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Amplifiers A.3.7 Noninverting Op Am
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Amplifiers A.3.9 Differential Ampli
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Amplifiers A.3.11 High Input Impeda
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Amplifiers A.3.13 High-Precision Di
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Amplifiers A.3.15 Variable Gain Dif
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Amplifiers A.3.17 Buffer The buffer
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Amplifiers A.3.19 Noninverting AC A
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Computing Circuits A.4.2 Noninverti
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Computing Circuits A.4.4 Inverting
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Computing Circuits A.4.10 Noninvert
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Oscillators A.5 Oscillators This se
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Oscillators A.5.3 Wien Bridge Oscil
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Oscillators A.5.5 Classical Phase S
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Oscillators A.5.7 Bubba Oscillator
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Appendix BA Single-Supply Op Amp Se
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Table B-1. Single-Supply Operationa
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A AC loads, DAC, 14-2 AC parameters
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low pass filter, 16-1 low-pass filt
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esistor ladder, 14-2 to 14-4 resist
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phase shift for TL07x, 7-5 phase sh
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N Noise, 10-8 to 10-10 avalanche, 1
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packages, 17-24 to 17-27 parallel s
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Theorem Norton’s, 2-5 Superpositi
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