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Figures 15–20 Quadrature Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-19 15–21 Output of the Circuit in Figure 15–20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-20 16–1 Second-Order Passive Low-Pass and Second-Order Active Low-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1 16–2 First-Order Passive RC Low-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-2 16–3 Fourth-Order Passive RC Low-Pass with Decoupling Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-3 16–4 Frequency and Phase Responses of a Fourth-Order Passive RC Low-Pass Filter . . . . 16-4 16–5 Amplitude Responses of Butterworth Low-Pass Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-6 16–6 Gain Responses of Tschebyscheff Low-Pass Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-7 16–7 Comparison of Phase Responses of Fourth-Order Low-Pass Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-8 16–8 Comparison of Normalized Group Delay (Tgr) of Fourth-Order Low-Pass Filters . . . . . . 16-8 16–9 Comparison of Gain Responses of Fourth-Order Low-Pass Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-9 16–10 Graphical Presentation of Quality Factor Q on a Tenth-Order Tschebyscheff Low-Pass Filter with 3-dB Passband Ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-10 16–11 Cascading Filter Stages for Higher-Order Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-12 16–12 First-Order Noninverting Low-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-12 16–13 First-Order Inverting Low-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-13 16–14 First-Order Noninverting Low-Pass Filter with Unity Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-14 16–15 General Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-15 16–16 Unity-Gain Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-15 16–17 Second-Order Unity-Gain Tschebyscheff Low-Pass with 3-dB Ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-16 16–18 Adjustable Second-Order Low-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17 16–19 Second-Order MFB Low-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-18 16–20 First-Order Unity-Gain Low-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-19 16–21 Second-Order Unity-Gain Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-20 16–22 Fifth-Order Unity-Gain Butterworth Low-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-21 16–23 Low-Pass to High-Pass Transition Through Components Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-21 16–24 Developing The Gain Response of a High-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-22 16–25 First-Order Noninverting High-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-23 16–26 First-Order Inverting High-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-23 16–27 General Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-24 16–28 Unity-Gain Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-24 16–29 Second-Order MFB High-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-25 16–30 Third-Order Unity-Gain Bessel High-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-27 16–31 Low-Pass to Band-Pass Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-28 16–32 Gain Response of a Second-Order Band-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-29 16–33 Sallen-Key Band-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-30 16–34 MFB Band-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-31 16–35 Gain Responses of a Fourth-Order Butterworth Band-Pass and its Partial Filters . . . . 16-36 16–36 Low-Pass to Band-Rejection Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-37 16–37 Passive Twin-T Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-37 16–38 Active Twin-T Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-38 16–39 Passive Wien-Robinson Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-39 16–40 Active Wien-Robinson Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-39 xvi
Figures 16–41 Comparison of Q Between Passive and Active Band-Rejection Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-41 16–42 Frequency Response of the Group Delay for the First 10 Filter Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-43 16–43 First-Order All-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-44 16–44 Second-Order All-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-44 16–45 Seventh-Order All-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-46 16–46 Dual-Supply Filter Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-47 16–47 Single-Supply Filter Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-47 16–48 Biasing a Sallen-Key Low-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-48 16–49 Biasing a Second-Order MFB Low-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-49 16–50 Biasing a Sallen-Key and an MFB High-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-50 16–51 Differences in Q and fC in the Partial Filters of an Eighth-Order Butterworth Low-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-51 16–52 Modification of the Intended Butterworth Response to aTschebyscheff-Type Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-51 16–53 Open-Loop Gain (AOL) and Filter Response (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-53 17–1 Op Amp Terminal Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-5 17–2 Digital and Analog Plane Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-8 17–3 Separate Grounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-8 17–4 Broadcasting From PCB Traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-9 17–5 A Careful Board Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-10 17–6 Resistor High-Frequency Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-11 17–7 Capacitor High-Frequency Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-12 17–8 Inductor High-Frequency Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-13 17–9 Loop and Slot Antenna Board Trace Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-15 17–10 PCB Trace Corners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-16 17–11 PCB Trace-to-Plane Capacitance Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-17 17–12 Effect of 1-pF Capacitance on Op Amp Inverting Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-18 17–13 Coupling Between Parallel Signal Traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-19 17–14 Via Inductance Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-19 17–15 Logic Gate Output Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-21 17–16 Capacitor Self Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-22 17–17 Common Op Amp Pinouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-24 17–18 Trace Length for an Inverting Op Amp Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-25 17–19 Mirror-Image Layout for Quad Op Amp Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-25 17–20 Quad Op Amp Package Layout with Half-Supply Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-26 17–21 Proper Termination of Unused Op Amp Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-28 18–1 Op Amp Error Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-4 18–2 Noninverting Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-7 18–3 Input Circuit of a NonRRI Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-8 18–4 Input Circuit of an RRI Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-8 18–5 Input Bias Current Changes with Input Common-Mode Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-9 18–6 Input Offset Voltage Changes with Input Common-Mode Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-10 Contents xvii
Page 1 and 2: Design Reference August 2002 Advanc
Page 3 and 4: Forward Everyone interested in anal
Page 5 and 6: Contents Contents 1 The Op Amp’s
Page 7 and 8: Contents 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
Page 9 and 10: Contents 14.4.3 AC Application Erro
Page 11 and 12: Contents 17.7.1 Through-Hole Consid
Page 13 and 14: Figures Figures 2-1 Ohm’s Law App
Page 15 and 16: Figures 7-5 TL08X Frequency and Tim
Page 17: Figures 13-12 Differential Amplifie
Page 21 and 22: Figures A-37 Basic Wien Bridge Osci
Page 23 and 24: Examples Examples 16-1 First-Order
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 The Op Amp’s Place In T
Page 27 and 28: The first signal conditioning op am
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Review of Circuit Theory
Page 31 and 32: Voltage Divider Rule source, throug
Page 33 and 34: Thevenin’s Theorem 2.5 Thevenin
Page 35 and 36: Thevenin’s Theorem V OUT V TH R
Page 37 and 38: Calculation of a Saturated Transist
Page 39 and 40: Transistor Amplifier 2 V (from 8 V
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Development of the Ideal
Page 43 and 44: The Noninverting Op Amp 3.2 The Non
Page 45 and 46: The Adder 3-5, and if R F = 100 k a
Page 47 and 48: Complex Feedback Networks portion o
Page 49 and 50: Video Amplifiers 3.7 Video Amplifie
Page 51 and 52: Summary 3.9 Summary When the proper
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 4 Single-Supply Op Amp Desi
Page 55 and 56: Circuit Analysis R G R F +V V IN _
Page 57 and 58: Circuit Analysis V OUT VCC -V IN
Page 59 and 60: Circuit Analysis R G R F V CC V REF
Page 61 and 62: Simultaneous Equations m 2 1 0.1
Page 63 and 64: Simultaneous Equations R F R G R G
Page 65 and 66: Simultaneous Equations measured 4.5
Page 67 and 68: Simultaneous Equations +5V R 2 820
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Simultaneous Equations |m| 5.56 R
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Simultaneous Equations 4.3.4 Case 4
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Simultaneous Equations -0.10 -0.15
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Chapter 5 Feedback and Stability Th
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
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Page 85 and 86:
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Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
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The Second Order Equation and Ringi
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Chapter 6 Development of the Non Id
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Review of the Canonical Equations T
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Noninverting Op Amps 6.3 Noninverti
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Inverting Op Amps The transfer equa
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Differential Op Amps A aZ G Z G Z
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Chapter 7 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp C
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Internal Compensation Figure 7-2 sh
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Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
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Internal Compensation - Large-Signa
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 7.4 Domi
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 100 dB D
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Lead Compensation Gain compensation
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Lead Compensation slopes down at -2
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Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
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Lead-Lag Compensation C R + _ V OUT
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Conclusions Dominant pole compensat
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Chapter 8 Current-Feedback Op Amp A
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The Noninverting CFA output impedan
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The Inverting CFA V OUT V IN Z1 Z
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Stability Analysis 8.6 Stability An
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Selection of the Feedback Resistor
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Stability and Input Capacitance Tab
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Compensation of CF and CG Z F A R
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Chapter 9 Voltage- and Current-Feed
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Bandwidth The noninverting input of
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Bandwidth The CFA is a current oper
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Impedance The CFA stability is not
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Equation Comparison Table 9-1. Tabu
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Chapter 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Characterization 10.2.2 Noise Floor
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Types of Noise 10.3.1 Shot Noise Th
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Types of Noise as average dc curren
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Types of Noise Some characteristics
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Noise Colors There are an infinite
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Op Amp Noise 1000 Hz V n - Input No
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Op Amp Noise can be represented bet
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Op Amp Noise This simplifies the ga
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Putting It All Together 10.6 Puttin
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Putting It All Together When it is
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References +5 V 100 k +5 V 100 k V
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Chapter 11 Understanding Op Amp Par
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Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
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Additional Parameter Information 10
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Additional Parameter Information +V
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Additional Parameter Information of
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Chapter 12 Instrumentation: Sensors
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The system definition specifies the
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pends heavily on test conditions su
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the bias resistor, R 1 , is selecte
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V OUT I D R F (12-6) The phototran
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the semiconductor in a direction pe
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eference has a temperature drift of
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impedance of the transducer. The te
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Y mX b (12-14) Two pairs of data
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Table 12-5. Offset and Gain Error B
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R G 23.7 kΩ R FB 280 kΩ R FA 200
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12.10 Test The final circuit is rea
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Chapter 13 Wireless Communication:
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Wireless Systems ality. Image rejec
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Wireless Systems of the DAC, is usu
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Selection of ADCs/DACs The mean squ
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Selection of ADCs/DACs fication. Wi
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Anti-Aliasing Filters The op amp dy
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Communication D/A Converter Reconst
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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Chapter 14 Interfacing D/A Converte
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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D/A Converter Error Budget 14.4.1 A
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D/A Converter Error Budget 20 Ampli
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D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
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Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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Chapter 15 Sine Wave Oscillators Ro
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Phase Shift in the Oscillator 15.3
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Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
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Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits Phase
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits large
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits The i
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits R F 1
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits V OUT
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits resis
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15.7.
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Chapter 16 Active Filter Design Tec
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters V
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters A(
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 10
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Low-Pass Filter Design The multipli
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Low-Pass Filter Design C 1 R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design V IN R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design The general
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Low-Pass Filter Design In order to
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High-Pass Filter Design With C 1 =
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High-Pass Filter Design 16.4.1 Firs
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High-Pass Filter Design To simplify
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Band-Pass Filter Design R 1 1 1 2
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16.5.1 Seco
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Band-Pass Filter Design Because of
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Band-Pass Filter Design A mi is
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Band-Pass Filter Design In accordan
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Band-Rejection Filter Design |A| [d
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Band-Rejection Filter Design or to
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All-Pass Filter Design 0 |A| — Ga
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All-Pass Filter Design Inserting th
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All-Pass Filter Design The transfer
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Practical Design Hints 16.8 Practic
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Practical Design Hints +V CC +V CC
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Practical Design Hints The differen
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Practical Design Hints 16.8.4 Op Am
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Filter Coefficient Tables 16.9 Filt
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Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
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References 16.10 References D.Johns
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Chapter 17 Circuit Board Layout Tec
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2 PC
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PCB Mechanical Construction V+ IN -
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Grounding ponents and feed-throughs
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Grounding components carefully if t
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The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
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Decoupling + Figure 17-15. Logic Ga
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Input and Output Isolation A decoup
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Packages SINGLE DUAL SHORT TRACES L
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Packages and other passive componen
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References 17.8.4 Routing 17.
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Chapter 18 Designing Low-Voltage Op
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Dynamic Range The trick to designin
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio Table 18-1. C
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Input Common-Mode Range Many low vo
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Input Common-Mode Range The input s
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Output Voltage Swing Op amps always
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Single-Supply Circuit Design every
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Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface is
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface Th
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Comparison of Op Amps Table 18-2. O
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Summary mon-mode range of the op am
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Appendix A Single-Supply Circuit Co
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Introduction + 5 V R G R F +V CC _
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Amplifiers A.3 Amplifiers Many type
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Amplifiers A.3.3 Inverting Op Amp w
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Amplifiers A.3.5 Noninverting Op Am
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Amplifiers A.3.7 Noninverting Op Am
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Amplifiers A.3.9 Differential Ampli
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Amplifiers A.3.11 High Input Impeda
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Amplifiers A.3.13 High-Precision Di
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Amplifiers A.3.15 Variable Gain Dif
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Amplifiers A.3.17 Buffer The buffer
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Amplifiers A.3.19 Noninverting AC A
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Computing Circuits A.4.2 Noninverti
Page 429 and 430:
Computing Circuits A.4.4 Inverting
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Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Computing Circuits A.4.10 Noninvert
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Oscillators A.5 Oscillators This se
Page 441 and 442:
Oscillators A.5.3 Wien Bridge Oscil
Page 443 and 444:
Oscillators A.5.5 Classical Phase S
Page 445 and 446:
Oscillators A.5.7 Bubba Oscillator
Page 447 and 448:
Appendix BA Single-Supply Op Amp Se
Page 449 and 450:
Table B-1. Single-Supply Operationa
Page 451 and 452:
A AC loads, DAC, 14-2 AC parameters
Page 453 and 454:
low pass filter, 16-1 low-pass filt
Page 455 and 456:
esistor ladder, 14-2 to 14-4 resist
Page 457 and 458:
phase shift for TL07x, 7-5 phase sh
Page 459 and 460:
N Noise, 10-8 to 10-10 avalanche, 1
Page 461 and 462:
packages, 17-24 to 17-27 parallel s
Page 463 and 464:
Theorem Norton’s, 2-5 Superpositi
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