Op Amps for Everyone - The Repeater Builder's Technical ...

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Summary GOOD BETTER HALF SUPPLY _ + HALF SUPPLY OPEN ZERO _ + ZERO Figure 17–21. Proper Termination of Unused Op Amp Sections 17.8 Summary Keep the following points in mind when designing a PCB for analog circuitry: 17.8.1 General Think of the PCB as a component of the design. Know and understand the types of noise the circuit will be subjected to. Prototype the circuit. 17.8.2 Board Structure Use a high-quality board material such as FR–4. Multi-layer boards are as much as 20-dB better than double-sided boards. Use separate, nonoverlapping ground and power planes. Place power and ground planes to the interior of the board instead of exterior. 17.8.3 Components Be aware of frequency limitations of traces and other passive components. Avoid vertical mounting of through-hole passive components in high-speed circuits. Use surface mount for high-speed analog circuitry. Keep traces as short as possible. Use narrow traces if long traces are required. Terminate unused op amp sections properly. 17-28
References 17.8.4 Routing 17.8.5 Bypass Keep analog circuitry close to the power connector of the board. Never route digital traces through analog sections of the board, or vice versa. Make sure that traces to the inverting input of the op amp are short. Make sure that traces to the inverting and noninverting inputs of the op amp do not parallel each other for any significant length. It is better to avoid vias, but the self-inductance of vias is small enough that a few should cause few problems. Do not use right angle traces, use curves if at all possible. Use the correct type of capacitor to reject the conducted frequency range. Use tantalum capacitors at power input connectors for filtering power supply ripple. Use ceramic capacitors at power input connectors for high frequency conducted noise. Use ceramic capacitors at the power connections of every op amp IC package. More than one capacitor may be necessary to cover different frequency ranges. Change the capacitor to a smaller value — not larger — if oscillation occurs. Add series inductors or resistors for stubborn cases. Bypass analog power only to analog return, never to digital return. 17.9 References 1. Analog Dialog 30 th Anniversary Issue, Analog Devices, Ask the Applications Engineer –10, James Bryant 2. High-Speed Operational Amplifier Layout Made Easy, Texas Instruments, Andy Hahn, SLOA046 Circuit Board Layout Techniques 17-29
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Design Reference August 2002 Advanc
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Forward Everyone interested in anal
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Contents Contents 1 The Op Amp’s
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Contents 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Contents 14.4.3 AC Application Erro
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Contents 17.7.1 Through-Hole Consid
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Figures Figures 2-1 Ohm’s Law App
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Figures 7-5 TL08X Frequency and Tim
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Figures 13-12 Differential Amplifie
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Figures 16-41 Comparison of Q Betwe
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Figures A-37 Basic Wien Bridge Osci
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Examples Examples 16-1 First-Order
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Chapter 1 The Op Amp’s Place In T
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The first signal conditioning op am
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Chapter 2 Review of Circuit Theory
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Voltage Divider Rule source, throug
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Thevenin’s Theorem 2.5 Thevenin
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Thevenin’s Theorem V OUT V TH R
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Calculation of a Saturated Transist
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Transistor Amplifier 2 V (from 8 V
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Chapter 3 Development of the Ideal
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The Noninverting Op Amp 3.2 The Non
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The Adder 3-5, and if R F = 100 k a
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Complex Feedback Networks portion o
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Video Amplifiers 3.7 Video Amplifie
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Summary 3.9 Summary When the proper
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Chapter 4 Single-Supply Op Amp Desi
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Circuit Analysis R G R F +V V IN _
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Circuit Analysis V OUT VCC -V IN
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Circuit Analysis R G R F V CC V REF
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Simultaneous Equations m 2 1 0.1
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Simultaneous Equations R F R G R G
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Simultaneous Equations measured 4.5
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Simultaneous Equations +5V R 2 820
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Simultaneous Equations |m| 5.56 R
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Simultaneous Equations 4.3.4 Case 4
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Simultaneous Equations -0.10 -0.15
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Chapter 5 Feedback and Stability Th
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
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Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
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The Second Order Equation and Ringi
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Chapter 6 Development of the Non Id
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Review of the Canonical Equations T
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Noninverting Op Amps 6.3 Noninverti
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Inverting Op Amps The transfer equa
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Differential Op Amps A aZ G Z G Z
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Chapter 7 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp C
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Internal Compensation Figure 7-2 sh
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Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
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Internal Compensation - Large-Signa
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 7.4 Domi
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 100 dB D
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Lead Compensation Gain compensation
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Lead Compensation slopes down at -2
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Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
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Lead-Lag Compensation C R + _ V OUT
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Conclusions Dominant pole compensat
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Chapter 8 Current-Feedback Op Amp A
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The Noninverting CFA output impedan
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The Inverting CFA V OUT V IN Z1 Z
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Stability Analysis 8.6 Stability An
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Selection of the Feedback Resistor
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Stability and Input Capacitance Tab
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Compensation of CF and CG Z F A R
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Chapter 9 Voltage- and Current-Feed
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Bandwidth The noninverting input of
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Bandwidth The CFA is a current oper
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Impedance The CFA stability is not
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Equation Comparison Table 9-1. Tabu
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Chapter 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Characterization 10.2.2 Noise Floor
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Types of Noise 10.3.1 Shot Noise Th
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Types of Noise as average dc curren
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Types of Noise Some characteristics
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Noise Colors There are an infinite
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Op Amp Noise 1000 Hz V n - Input No
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Op Amp Noise can be represented bet
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Op Amp Noise This simplifies the ga
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Putting It All Together 10.6 Puttin
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Putting It All Together When it is
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References +5 V 100 k +5 V 100 k V
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Chapter 11 Understanding Op Amp Par
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Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
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Additional Parameter Information 10
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Additional Parameter Information +V
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Additional Parameter Information of
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Chapter 12 Instrumentation: Sensors
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The system definition specifies the
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pends heavily on test conditions su
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the bias resistor, R 1 , is selecte
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V OUT I D R F (12-6) The phototran
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the semiconductor in a direction pe
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eference has a temperature drift of
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impedance of the transducer. The te
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Y mX b (12-14) Two pairs of data
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Table 12-5. Offset and Gain Error B
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R G 23.7 kΩ R FB 280 kΩ R FA 200
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12.10 Test The final circuit is rea
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Chapter 13 Wireless Communication:
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Wireless Systems ality. Image rejec
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Wireless Systems of the DAC, is usu
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Selection of ADCs/DACs The mean squ
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Selection of ADCs/DACs fication. Wi
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Anti-Aliasing Filters The op amp dy
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Communication D/A Converter Reconst
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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Chapter 14 Interfacing D/A Converte
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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D/A Converter Error Budget 14.4.1 A
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D/A Converter Error Budget 20 Ampli
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D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
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Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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Chapter 15 Sine Wave Oscillators Ro
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Phase Shift in the Oscillator 15.3
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Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
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Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits Phase
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits large
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits The i
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits R F 1
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits V OUT
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits resis
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15.7.
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Chapter 16 Active Filter Design Tec
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters V
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters A(
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 10
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Low-Pass Filter Design The multipli
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Low-Pass Filter Design C 1 R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design V IN R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design The general
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Low-Pass Filter Design In order to
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High-Pass Filter Design With C 1 =
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High-Pass Filter Design 16.4.1 Firs
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High-Pass Filter Design To simplify
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Band-Pass Filter Design R 1 1 1 2
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16.5.1 Seco
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Band-Pass Filter Design Because of
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Band-Pass Filter Design A mi is
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Band-Pass Filter Design In accordan
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Band-Rejection Filter Design |A| [d
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Band-Rejection Filter Design or to
Page 325 and 326: All-Pass Filter Design 0 |A| — Ga
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Page 329 and 330: All-Pass Filter Design The transfer
Page 331 and 332: Practical Design Hints 16.8 Practic
Page 333 and 334: Practical Design Hints +V CC +V CC
Page 335 and 336: Practical Design Hints The differen
Page 337 and 338: Practical Design Hints 16.8.4 Op Am
Page 339 and 340: Filter Coefficient Tables 16.9 Filt
Page 341 and 342: Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
Page 347 and 348: References 16.10 References D.Johns
Page 349 and 350: Chapter 17 Circuit Board Layout Tec
Page 351 and 352: PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2 PC
Page 353 and 354: PCB Mechanical Construction V+ IN -
Page 355 and 356: Grounding ponents and feed-throughs
Page 357 and 358: Grounding components carefully if t
Page 359 and 360: The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
Page 369 and 370: Decoupling + Figure 17-15. Logic Ga
Page 371 and 372: Input and Output Isolation A decoup
Page 373 and 374: Packages SINGLE DUAL SHORT TRACES L
Page 375: Packages and other passive componen
Page 379 and 380: Chapter 18 Designing Low-Voltage Op
Page 381 and 382: Dynamic Range The trick to designin
Page 383 and 384: Signal-to-Noise Ratio Table 18-1. C
Page 385 and 386: Input Common-Mode Range Many low vo
Page 387 and 388: Input Common-Mode Range The input s
Page 389 and 390: Output Voltage Swing Op amps always
Page 391 and 392: Single-Supply Circuit Design every
Page 393 and 394: Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
Page 395 and 396: DAC to Actuator Analog Interface is
Page 397 and 398: DAC to Actuator Analog Interface Th
Page 399 and 400: Comparison of Op Amps Table 18-2. O
Page 401 and 402: Summary mon-mode range of the op am
Page 403 and 404: Appendix A Single-Supply Circuit Co
Page 405 and 406: Introduction + 5 V R G R F +V CC _
Page 407 and 408: Amplifiers A.3 Amplifiers Many type
Page 409 and 410: Amplifiers A.3.3 Inverting Op Amp w
Page 411 and 412: Amplifiers A.3.5 Noninverting Op Am
Page 413 and 414: Amplifiers A.3.7 Noninverting Op Am
Page 415 and 416: Amplifiers A.3.9 Differential Ampli
Page 417 and 418: Amplifiers A.3.11 High Input Impeda
Page 419 and 420: Amplifiers A.3.13 High-Precision Di
Page 421 and 422: Amplifiers A.3.15 Variable Gain Dif
Page 423 and 424: Amplifiers A.3.17 Buffer The buffer
Page 425 and 426: Amplifiers A.3.19 Noninverting AC A
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Computing Circuits A.4.2 Noninverti
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Computing Circuits A.4.4 Inverting
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Computing Circuits A.4.10 Noninvert
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Oscillators A.5 Oscillators This se
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Oscillators A.5.3 Wien Bridge Oscil
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Oscillators A.5.5 Classical Phase S
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Oscillators A.5.7 Bubba Oscillator
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Appendix BA Single-Supply Op Amp Se
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Table B-1. Single-Supply Operationa
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A AC loads, DAC, 14-2 AC parameters
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low pass filter, 16-1 low-pass filt
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esistor ladder, 14-2 to 14-4 resist
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phase shift for TL07x, 7-5 phase sh
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N Noise, 10-8 to 10-10 avalanche, 1
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packages, 17-24 to 17-27 parallel s
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Theorem Norton’s, 2-5 Superpositi
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