Op Amps for Everyone - The Repeater Builder's Technical ...

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Additional Parameter Information 11.3.16 Settling Time It takes a finite time for a signal to propagate through the internal circuitry of an op amp. Therefore, it takes a period of time for the output to react to a step change in the input. In addition, the output normally overshoots the target value, experiences damped oscillation, and settles to a final value. Settling time, t s , is the time required for the output voltage to settle to within a specified percentage of the final value given a step input. Figure 11–12 shows this graphically: Tolerance Overshoot Final Value V OUT Damped Oscillation Slew Rate Settling Time Time Figure 11–12. Settling Time Settling time is a design issue in data acquisition circuits when signals are changing rapidly. An example is when using an op amp following a multiplexer to buffer the input to an A to D converter. Step changes can occur at the input to the op amp when the multiplexer changes channels. The output of the op amp must settle to within a certain tolerance before the A to D converter samples the signal. 11-22
Chapter 12 Instrumentation: Sensors to A/D Converters Ron Mancini 12.1 Introduction The typical transducer measurement system block diagram is shown in Figure 12–1. The transducer is the electronic system’s interface with the real world, and it issues data about a variable. The transducer converts the data into an electrical signal adequate for processing by the circuitry that follows the transducer. Bias and excitation circuitry does the care and feeding of the transducer, thus this circuitry provides offset voltages, bias currents, excitation signals, external components, and protection that is required for the transducer to operate properly. The output of the transducer is an electrical signal representing the measured variable. Input Variable Transducer Amplifier ADC DIgital Data Out Bias or Excitation Circuits Power Supply Digital Control Figure 12–1. Block Diagram of a Transducer Measurement System The variables that must be measured are determined by the customer’s application, and the measured variable normally dictates the transducer selection. If the measured variable is temperature, then some sort of temperature sensing transducer must be employed, and the range of temperatures to be measured or the accuracy of the measurement is the primary factor influencing temperature transducer selection. Notice that the electrical output of the transducer is not a major concern at this point in the transducer selection. The transducer’s electrical output is always a consideration, although picking the right transducer for the job is the primary goal. The correct transducer for the job can have an Ω/°C change, µV/°C change, or mV/°C change. All transducers have offset voltages or currents, and they can be referenced to ground, either power supply rail, or some other voltage. The selection of the transducer is out of circuit designer’s hands; thus, the circuit designer must accept what the application demands. 12-1
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Design Reference August 2002 Advanc
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Forward Everyone interested in anal
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Contents Contents 1 The Op Amp’s
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Contents 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
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Contents 14.4.3 AC Application Erro
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Contents 17.7.1 Through-Hole Consid
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Figures Figures 2-1 Ohm’s Law App
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Figures 7-5 TL08X Frequency and Tim
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Figures 13-12 Differential Amplifie
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Figures 16-41 Comparison of Q Betwe
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Figures A-37 Basic Wien Bridge Osci
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Examples Examples 16-1 First-Order
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Chapter 1 The Op Amp’s Place In T
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The first signal conditioning op am
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Chapter 2 Review of Circuit Theory
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Voltage Divider Rule source, throug
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Thevenin’s Theorem 2.5 Thevenin
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Thevenin’s Theorem V OUT V TH R
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Calculation of a Saturated Transist
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Transistor Amplifier 2 V (from 8 V
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Chapter 3 Development of the Ideal
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The Noninverting Op Amp 3.2 The Non
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The Adder 3-5, and if R F = 100 k a
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Complex Feedback Networks portion o
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Video Amplifiers 3.7 Video Amplifie
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Summary 3.9 Summary When the proper
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Chapter 4 Single-Supply Op Amp Desi
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Circuit Analysis R G R F +V V IN _
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Circuit Analysis V OUT VCC -V IN
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Circuit Analysis R G R F V CC V REF
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Simultaneous Equations m 2 1 0.1
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Simultaneous Equations R F R G R G
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Simultaneous Equations measured 4.5
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Simultaneous Equations +5V R 2 820
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Simultaneous Equations |m| 5.56 R
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Simultaneous Equations 4.3.4 Case 4
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Simultaneous Equations -0.10 -0.15
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Chapter 5 Feedback and Stability Th
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
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Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
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The Second Order Equation and Ringi
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Chapter 6 Development of the Non Id
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Review of the Canonical Equations T
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Noninverting Op Amps 6.3 Noninverti
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Inverting Op Amps The transfer equa
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Differential Op Amps A aZ G Z G Z
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Chapter 7 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp C
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Internal Compensation Figure 7-2 sh
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Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
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Internal Compensation - Large-Signa
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 7.4 Domi
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 100 dB D
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Lead Compensation Gain compensation
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Lead Compensation slopes down at -2
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Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
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Lead-Lag Compensation C R + _ V OUT
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Conclusions Dominant pole compensat
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Chapter 8 Current-Feedback Op Amp A
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The Noninverting CFA output impedan
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The Inverting CFA V OUT V IN Z1 Z
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Stability Analysis 8.6 Stability An
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Selection of the Feedback Resistor
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Stability and Input Capacitance Tab
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Compensation of CF and CG Z F A R
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Chapter 9 Voltage- and Current-Feed
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Bandwidth The noninverting input of
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Page 143 and 144: Impedance The CFA stability is not
Page 145 and 146: Equation Comparison Table 9-1. Tabu
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and
Page 149 and 150: Characterization 10.2.2 Noise Floor
Page 151 and 152: Types of Noise 10.3.1 Shot Noise Th
Page 153 and 154: Types of Noise as average dc curren
Page 155 and 156: Types of Noise Some characteristics
Page 157 and 158: Noise Colors There are an infinite
Page 159 and 160: Op Amp Noise 1000 Hz V n - Input No
Page 161 and 162: Op Amp Noise can be represented bet
Page 163 and 164: Op Amp Noise This simplifies the ga
Page 165 and 166: Putting It All Together 10.6 Puttin
Page 167 and 168: Putting It All Together When it is
Page 169 and 170: References +5 V 100 k +5 V 100 k V
Page 171 and 172: Chapter 11 Understanding Op Amp Par
Page 173 and 174: Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
Page 179 and 180: Additional Parameter Information 10
Page 187 and 188: Additional Parameter Information +V
Page 189 and 190: Additional Parameter Information of
Page 191: Additional Parameter Information 12
Page 195 and 196: The system definition specifies the
Page 197 and 198: pends heavily on test conditions su
Page 199 and 200: the bias resistor, R 1 , is selecte
Page 201 and 202: V OUT I D R F (12-6) The phototran
Page 203 and 204: the semiconductor in a direction pe
Page 205 and 206: eference has a temperature drift of
Page 207 and 208: impedance of the transducer. The te
Page 209 and 210: Y mX b (12-14) Two pairs of data
Page 211 and 212: Table 12-5. Offset and Gain Error B
Page 213 and 214: R G 23.7 kΩ R FB 280 kΩ R FA 200
Page 215 and 216: 12.10 Test The final circuit is rea
Page 217 and 218: Chapter 13 Wireless Communication:
Page 219 and 220: Wireless Systems ality. Image rejec
Page 221 and 222: Wireless Systems of the DAC, is usu
Page 223 and 224: Selection of ADCs/DACs The mean squ
Page 225 and 226: Selection of ADCs/DACs fication. Wi
Page 227 and 228: Anti-Aliasing Filters The op amp dy
Page 229 and 230: Communication D/A Converter Reconst
Page 231 and 232: External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
Page 233 and 234: External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
Page 235 and 236: High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
Page 237 and 238: High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 14 Interfacing D/A Converte
Page 241 and 242: Understanding the D/A Converter and
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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D/A Converter Error Budget 14.4.1 A
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D/A Converter Error Budget 20 Ampli
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D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
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Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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Chapter 15 Sine Wave Oscillators Ro
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Phase Shift in the Oscillator 15.3
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Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
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Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits Phase
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits large
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits The i
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits R F 1
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits V OUT
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits resis
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15.7.
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Chapter 16 Active Filter Design Tec
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters V
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters A(
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 10
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Low-Pass Filter Design The multipli
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Low-Pass Filter Design C 1 R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design V IN R 1 R 2
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Low-Pass Filter Design The general
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Low-Pass Filter Design In order to
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High-Pass Filter Design With C 1 =
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High-Pass Filter Design 16.4.1 Firs
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High-Pass Filter Design To simplify
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Band-Pass Filter Design R 1 1 1 2
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16.5.1 Seco
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Band-Pass Filter Design Because of
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Band-Pass Filter Design A mi is
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Band-Pass Filter Design In accordan
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Band-Rejection Filter Design |A| [d
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Band-Rejection Filter Design or to
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All-Pass Filter Design 0 |A| — Ga
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All-Pass Filter Design Inserting th
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All-Pass Filter Design The transfer
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Practical Design Hints 16.8 Practic
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Practical Design Hints +V CC +V CC
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Practical Design Hints The differen
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Practical Design Hints 16.8.4 Op Am
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Filter Coefficient Tables 16.9 Filt
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Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
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References 16.10 References D.Johns
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Chapter 17 Circuit Board Layout Tec
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2 PC
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PCB Mechanical Construction V+ IN -
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Grounding ponents and feed-throughs
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Grounding components carefully if t
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The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
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Decoupling + Figure 17-15. Logic Ga
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Input and Output Isolation A decoup
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Packages SINGLE DUAL SHORT TRACES L
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Packages and other passive componen
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References 17.8.4 Routing 17.
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Chapter 18 Designing Low-Voltage Op
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Dynamic Range The trick to designin
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio Table 18-1. C
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Input Common-Mode Range Many low vo
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Input Common-Mode Range The input s
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Output Voltage Swing Op amps always
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Single-Supply Circuit Design every
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Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface is
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface Th
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Comparison of Op Amps Table 18-2. O
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Summary mon-mode range of the op am
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Appendix A Single-Supply Circuit Co
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Introduction + 5 V R G R F +V CC _
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Amplifiers A.3 Amplifiers Many type
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Amplifiers A.3.3 Inverting Op Amp w
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Amplifiers A.3.5 Noninverting Op Am
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Amplifiers A.3.7 Noninverting Op Am
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Amplifiers A.3.9 Differential Ampli
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Amplifiers A.3.11 High Input Impeda
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Amplifiers A.3.13 High-Precision Di
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Amplifiers A.3.15 Variable Gain Dif
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Amplifiers A.3.17 Buffer The buffer
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Amplifiers A.3.19 Noninverting AC A
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Computing Circuits A.4.2 Noninverti
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Computing Circuits A.4.4 Inverting
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Computing Circuits A.4.10 Noninvert
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Oscillators A.5 Oscillators This se
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Oscillators A.5.3 Wien Bridge Oscil
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Oscillators A.5.5 Classical Phase S
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Oscillators A.5.7 Bubba Oscillator
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Appendix BA Single-Supply Op Amp Se
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Table B-1. Single-Supply Operationa
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A AC loads, DAC, 14-2 AC parameters
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low pass filter, 16-1 low-pass filt
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esistor ladder, 14-2 to 14-4 resist
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phase shift for TL07x, 7-5 phase sh
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N Noise, 10-8 to 10-10 avalanche, 1
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packages, 17-24 to 17-27 parallel s
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Theorem Norton’s, 2-5 Superpositi
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