Women in Latin America and the Caribbean - Cepal

More documents

Recommendations

Info

113 Household survey information also made it possible to devise an initial classification for certain groups requiring care, such as children, older adults and the sick or disabled. Children aged between 0 and 6 were defined as those needing care, while those aged over 75 were classed as older adults. These are used as proxies for being less likely to be able to look after themselves. Although the situation differs across countries, household surveys often include disabled people as part of the economically inactive population. Some surveys have no question about disability, while others only refer to inability to work or fail to distinguish between disabled people and extremely older adults. Indeed, the usual questions on why the person did not work in the week preceding the survey only reveal why a person is unable to carry out paid employment, and reveal nothing about that person’s care requirements. However, not all such people can be directly identified as potentially in need of care. It is vital for the statistical instruments used by countries to include specific questions on who actually needs care and which people or institutions are responsible for providing such care. IDENTIFYING THE SICK OR DISABLED ON THE BASIS OF “ACTIVITY STATUS” Country Argentina (2005) Chile (2003) Colombia (2005) Costa Rica (2005) Ecuador (2005) El Salvador (2004) Guatemala (2004) Honduras (2003) Mexico (2004) Nicaragua (2003) Panama (2005) Paraguay (2005) Dominican Rep. (2005) Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) (2005) Variable identified 8: Disabled 6: Chronic illness or disability 7: Permanently unable to work 8: Permanently unable to work 8: Disabled 6: Illness or accident 9: Unable to work (disabled, older adult) 6: Disabled for life 9: Illness/convalescence 9: Disabled 8: Permanently disabled 8: Disabled individuals 7: Permanently unable to work 8: Old age 5: Illness 7: Old age or disability 6: Disabled 9: Old age 7: Disabled In terms of the need for disaggregated information by ethnic group and race, censuses usually include questions about belonging to a particular ethnic or racial group. It is less common for national surveys to include such questions (given the low representativeness of samples), and this may affect the reliability of estimates. The present document therefore features no disaggregated analysis of domestic work by ethnic group, except in the case of the five countries that included questions on indigenous population in the household surveys carried out in or around 2005: Bolivia (2003), Chile (2003), Guatemala (2004), Panama (2005) and Paraguay (2005).
114 Information on people employed to provide care is important for raising awareness about how they are segmented, as well as for defining the various forms their work takes. Data on their working hours, contract arrangements, social security coverage and the households or institutions that employ them should provide a picture of one of the most common forms of work among women. Those details, along with information on level of income, will help to determine the market value of the equivalent unpaid services. Although many household surveys collect data on the specific occupation of those surveyed, a lack of record standardization means that the information cannot always be put to good use. The categories vary wildly, and some even make it impossible to determine the nature or skill level of the tasks involved. At the conceptual level, there is a need for an operational definition of those who carry out care work, especially in the areas of education and health services. There are certainly boys and girls who spend hours a day carrying out domestic and caretaking activities in their own homes. There is also known to be a high percentage of children (especially girls) who work in domestic service (as maids) in other households. However, it is difficult to obtain statistics on such population groups, due to the hidden nature of their work. As a result, the quality of information provided by mass, multipurpose collection instruments (such as household surveys and censuses) may be questionable. To overcome this shortfall, specific research into child labour must be used. Some countries, in conjunction with the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) of the International Labour Organization (ILO), have carried out surveys on child labour in the region. 1 Time-use surveys At present, many countries in the region have or are in the process of carrying out time-use surveys, either independently from household surveys or as modules therein. Divergence in terms of definitions and compilation methodologies makes it difficult to compare countries and to estimate time spent on various domestic activities and identify the people involved in said activities. Developing a standardized classification of activities remains an ongoing challenge. A classification developed by the United Nations Statistics Division (ICATUS) is currently in its experimental phase, and must be reviewed prior to implementation. Figures 15, 16 and 17 contain information from five countries (Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico and Nicaragua) and show the time spent by men and women on housework and their involvement in domestic tasks, as the relevant databases were available for the processing of some basic indicators. The criteria for “housework” varies among countries: in Bolivia, the variable used referred to total time spent on housework the previous day; for Ecuador, the database contained the variable “hours spent on housework”; in Guatemala and Nicaragua, time was calculated by adding together the variables in the 1 As a result of ILO interest in determining the worldwide scale of child labour, research was carried out in over 220 countries in the early 1990s. The study showed that the main reason for a lack of statistics on the number of boy and girl workers was the absence of an appropriate survey methodology. Since 2000, thanks to an initiative of the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), the labour ministries and statistical offices of most Latin American and Caribbean countries have signed agreements to ensure the availability of reliable, up-to-date and comparable figures and data on the reality of economic exploitation in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua and Panama. ILO is also promoting the inclusion of special modules to measure child exploitation in Paraguay and Uruguay, and is concluding agreements for the carrying out of surveys in Bolivia and Peru (see the IPEC website [online] http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Regionsandcountries/ LatinAmericaandCaribbean/lang--en/index.htm).
Page 2 and 3:
LC/L.2738(CRM.10/3) August 2007 The
Page 4 and 5:
1 FOREWORD The Economic Commission
Page 6 and 7:
3 INTRODUCTION The women of Latin A
Page 8:
5 essentially not on biological fac
Page 11 and 12:
8 Convention, but the process has b
Page 13 and 14:
10 among development, security and
Page 15 and 16:
12 Another sphere of democratic deb
Page 17 and 18:
14 to articulate their efforts in i
Page 19 and 20:
16 boundaries between human, reprod
Page 21 and 22:
18 relatively less powerful, new gl
Page 23 and 24:
20 universalist school’s argument
Page 25 and 26:
22 democratic movements, gradually
Page 27 and 28:
24 Table I.2 LATIN AMERICA (20 COUN
Page 29 and 30:
26 In many countries, a new collect
Page 31 and 32:
28 In Costa Rica the quota issue be
Page 33 and 34:
30 Table I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 35 and 36:
32 The differences between the resu
Page 37 and 38:
34 Figure I.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 39 and 40:
36 Figure I.6 CARIBBEAN (11 COUNTRI
Page 41 and 42:
38 Figure I.9 CARIBBEAN (9 COUNTRIE
Page 43 and 44:
40 Women’s entry to parliament ca
Page 45 and 46:
42 Figure I.10 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 47 and 48:
44 Figure I.12 THE CARIBBEAN (10 CO
Page 49 and 50:
46 Figure I.14 LATIN AMERICA (15 CO
Page 51 and 52:
48 Table I.6 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 53 and 54:
50 was from 9% to 1.3%, Jamaica (fr
Page 55 and 56:
52 agencies at the highest level an
Page 58 and 59:
55 II. WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO TH
Page 60 and 61:
57 more concerned with the ethic of
Page 62 and 63:
59 Box II.1 THE WORK OF CARE IN SOC
Page 64 and 65:
61 of care on women mounts up. This
Page 66 and 67: 63 conditions of employment of work
Page 68 and 69: 65 social security and social benef
Page 70 and 71: 67 disincentive to their recruitmen
Page 72 and 73: 69 seeks to reform the constitution
Page 74 and 75: 71 Box II.4 REGULATION OF EMPLOYMEN
Page 76 and 77: 73 those in rural areas (42.1%), wh
Page 78 and 79: 75 sex and activity (see figure II.
Page 80 and 81: 77 Figure II.4 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 82 and 83: 79 Figure II.7 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 84 and 85: 81 Box II.6 HAITI. DOMESTIC WORKERS
Page 86 and 87: 83 It is interesting to characteriz
Page 88 and 89: 85 care to the “productive” adu
Page 90 and 91: 87 Box II. 7 (concluded) To sum up,
Page 92 and 93: 89 are also inaccurate, which widen
Page 94 and 95: 91 Some progress has been made sinc
Page 96 and 97: 93 Figure II.15 AVERAGE HOURS SPENT
Page 98 and 99: 95 Country Costa Rica El Salvador G
Page 100 and 101: 97 domestic life is shared between
Page 102 and 103: 99 employee for family reasons. The
Page 104 and 105: 101 In the private sphere, there ha
Page 106 and 107: 103 Table II.4 SEVEN SELECTED CITIE
Page 108 and 109: 105 Box II.12 EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL SE
Page 110 and 111: 107 III. TOWARDS A RESEARCH AND POL
Page 112 and 113: 109 (iii) Contribute to the mainten
Page 114 and 115: 111 Appendix TECHNICAL NOTES The st
Page 118 and 119: 115 sub-module “home maintenance
Page 120 and 121: 118 _____ (2003), "Políticas para
Page 122 and 123: 120 Carrasco, Cristina (2001), “H
Page 124 and 125: 122 _____ (2003b), “Redes de apoy
Page 126 and 127: 124 Huenchuan, Sandra and José Mig
Page 128 and 129: 126 Montaño, Sonia (2007a), “Emp
Page 130 and 131: 128 Rico, María Nieves (2006), “
Page 132: 130 _____ (1979), Convention on the
show all

Women in Latin America and the Caribbean - Cepal

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?