Women in Latin America and the Caribbean - Cepal

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CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 3
I. TOWARDS A HORIZON OF PARITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN:
THE POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN ................................................................... 7
A. Women’s human rights.............................................................................................................. 7
B. The context of gender equality .................................................................................................. 9
C. Democracy or “the personal is political”................................................................................... 10
D. State and family: equality of form and real inequality .............................................................. 12
E. Equality and affirmative action ................................................................................................. 14
F. Citizenship................................................................................................................................. 15
G. Parity as a democratic objective ................................................................................................ 17
H. The campaign for political representation in the region............................................................ 20
I. Women in power ....................................................................................................................... 39
1. Once in parliament.......................................................................................................... 39
2. From a symbolic presence to parity................................................................................ 41
II. WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECONOMY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION,
WITH REFERENCE TO UNPAID WORK ..................................................................................... 55
A. Caregiving, unpaid domestic work and gender equality ........................................................... 58
B. International instruments ........................................................................................................... 62
C. Social reproduction work in the constitutional and legal environment of the
region’s countries ...................................................................................................................... 67
D. Legal provisions governing paid domestic work....................................................................... 69
E. Extending the concept of work.................................................................................................. 72
F. Who are the women describing themselves as domestic workers, and what are they
like “doubly and domestic” or double-shift carers .................................................................. 75
G. The demand for care.................................................................................................................. 84
H. The transnationalization of care: migrant domestic workers in a globalized world.................. 87
I. Visibility and measurement in the national accounts ................................................................ 90
J. Time-use surveys and their potential policymaking input......................................................... 91
K. Care needs and shared responsibilities. Can policies to “reconcile” work
and family life provide an answer............................................................................................ 95
III. TOWARDS A RESEARCH AND POLICY AGENDA................................................................... 107
A. Parity in decision-making processes.......................................................................................... 108
1. Identification of new subjects for research ..................................................................... 108
2. Policy or strategy objectives ........................................................................................... 108
3. Instruments to be developed ........................................................................................... 108
B. The impact of unpaid caregiving on social protection............................................................... 109
1. The identification of new research issues ....................................................................... 109
2. Objectives of the policy or strategy ................................................................................ 109
3. Instruments to be developed ........................................................................................... 110
Appendix................................................................................................................................................... 111
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 117