Women in Latin America and the Caribbean - Cepal

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LC/L.2738(CRM.10/3) August 2007 The preparation of this document was coordinated by Sonia Montaño, Chief of the Women and Development Unit of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The chapters were written by Sonia Montaño and María Nieves Rico, and Vivian Milosavljevic processed the statistical data. Diane Alméras, Jéssica Cuadros, Denisse Lazo, Carlos Maldonado, Marta Panera y Daniela Zapata also collaborated in the preparation of the document. Other contributors included Karen Bart-Alexander, Virginia Guzmán, Flavia Marco, Julia Evelin Martínez, Laura Pautassi, Corina Rodríguez, Silke Staab, Sheila Stuart and Seo Won Lee, and support was provided by the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC. This document includes valuable contributions from ministers and senior officials in charge of mechanisms for the advancement of women in Latin America and the Caribbean, who decided on its subject matter during the thirty-ninth meeting of the Presiding Officers of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean (Mexico City, 11-12 May 2006); studied the first version of the document during virtual forums (held in Spanish in January 2007 and in English in February 2007) and analysed the second draft at three technical meetings (Guatemala City, 16-17 May 2007; St. John’s, Antigua and Barbuda, 22-23 May 2007, and Santiago, Chile, 28-29 May 2007), and subsequently submitted their written observations. 1 2007-471 1 Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, St. Maarten, Suriname, Turks and Caicos Islands and Uruguay.
iii CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 3 I. TOWARDS A HORIZON OF PARITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: THE POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN ................................................................... 7 A. Women’s human rights.............................................................................................................. 7 B. The context of gender equality .................................................................................................. 9 C. Democracy or “the personal is political”................................................................................... 10 D. State and family: equality of form and real inequality .............................................................. 12 E. Equality and affirmative action ................................................................................................. 14 F. Citizenship................................................................................................................................. 15 G. Parity as a democratic objective ................................................................................................ 17 H. The campaign for political representation in the region............................................................ 20 I. Women in power ....................................................................................................................... 39 1. Once in parliament.......................................................................................................... 39 2. From a symbolic presence to parity................................................................................ 41 II. WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECONOMY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION, WITH REFERENCE TO UNPAID WORK ..................................................................................... 55 A. Caregiving, unpaid domestic work and gender equality ........................................................... 58 B. International instruments ........................................................................................................... 62 C. Social reproduction work in the constitutional and legal environment of the region’s countries ...................................................................................................................... 67 D. Legal provisions governing paid domestic work....................................................................... 69 E. Extending the concept of work.................................................................................................. 72 F. Who are the women describing themselves as domestic workers, and what are they like “doubly and domestic” or double-shift carers .................................................................. 75 G. The demand for care.................................................................................................................. 84 H. The transnationalization of care: migrant domestic workers in a globalized world.................. 87 I. Visibility and measurement in the national accounts ................................................................ 90 J. Time-use surveys and their potential policymaking input......................................................... 91 K. Care needs and shared responsibilities. Can policies to “reconcile” work and family life provide an answer............................................................................................ 95 III. TOWARDS A RESEARCH AND POLICY AGENDA................................................................... 107 A. Parity in decision-making processes.......................................................................................... 108 1. Identification of new subjects for research ..................................................................... 108 2. Policy or strategy objectives ........................................................................................... 108 3. Instruments to be developed ........................................................................................... 108 B. The impact of unpaid caregiving on social protection............................................................... 109 1. The identification of new research issues ....................................................................... 109 2. Objectives of the policy or strategy ................................................................................ 109 3. Instruments to be developed ........................................................................................... 110 Appendix................................................................................................................................................... 111 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 117
Page 4 and 5: 1 FOREWORD The Economic Commission
Page 6 and 7: 3 INTRODUCTION The women of Latin A
Page 8: 5 essentially not on biological fac
Page 11 and 12: 8 Convention, but the process has b
Page 13 and 14: 10 among development, security and
Page 15 and 16: 12 Another sphere of democratic deb
Page 17 and 18: 14 to articulate their efforts in i
Page 19 and 20: 16 boundaries between human, reprod
Page 21 and 22: 18 relatively less powerful, new gl
Page 23 and 24: 20 universalist school’s argument
Page 25 and 26: 22 democratic movements, gradually
Page 27 and 28: 24 Table I.2 LATIN AMERICA (20 COUN
Page 29 and 30: 26 In many countries, a new collect
Page 31 and 32: 28 In Costa Rica the quota issue be
Page 33 and 34: 30 Table I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 35 and 36: 32 The differences between the resu
Page 37 and 38: 34 Figure I.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 39 and 40: 36 Figure I.6 CARIBBEAN (11 COUNTRI
Page 41 and 42: 38 Figure I.9 CARIBBEAN (9 COUNTRIE
Page 43 and 44: 40 Women’s entry to parliament ca
Page 45 and 46: 42 Figure I.10 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 47 and 48: 44 Figure I.12 THE CARIBBEAN (10 CO
Page 49 and 50: 46 Figure I.14 LATIN AMERICA (15 CO
Page 51 and 52: 48 Table I.6 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 53 and 54:
50 was from 9% to 1.3%, Jamaica (fr
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52 agencies at the highest level an
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55 II. WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO TH
Page 60 and 61:
57 more concerned with the ethic of
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59 Box II.1 THE WORK OF CARE IN SOC
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61 of care on women mounts up. This
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63 conditions of employment of work
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65 social security and social benef
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67 disincentive to their recruitmen
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69 seeks to reform the constitution
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71 Box II.4 REGULATION OF EMPLOYMEN
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73 those in rural areas (42.1%), wh
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75 sex and activity (see figure II.
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77 Figure II.4 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 82 and 83:
79 Figure II.7 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 84 and 85:
81 Box II.6 HAITI. DOMESTIC WORKERS
Page 86 and 87:
83 It is interesting to characteriz
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85 care to the “productive” adu
Page 90 and 91:
87 Box II. 7 (concluded) To sum up,
Page 92 and 93:
89 are also inaccurate, which widen
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91 Some progress has been made sinc
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93 Figure II.15 AVERAGE HOURS SPENT
Page 98 and 99:
95 Country Costa Rica El Salvador G
Page 100 and 101:
97 domestic life is shared between
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99 employee for family reasons. The
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101 In the private sphere, there ha
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103 Table II.4 SEVEN SELECTED CITIE
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105 Box II.12 EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL SE
Page 110 and 111:
107 III. TOWARDS A RESEARCH AND POL
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109 (iii) Contribute to the mainten
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111 Appendix TECHNICAL NOTES The st
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113 Household survey information al
Page 118 and 119:
115 sub-module “home maintenance
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118 _____ (2003), "Políticas para
Page 122 and 123:
120 Carrasco, Cristina (2001), “H
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122 _____ (2003b), “Redes de apoy
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124 Huenchuan, Sandra and José Mig
Page 128 and 129:
126 Montaño, Sonia (2007a), “Emp
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128 Rico, María Nieves (2006), “
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130 _____ (1979), Convention on the
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