Women in Latin America and the Caribbean - Cepal

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63 conditions of employment of workers belonging to these peoples.” The concept of effective protection as applied to indigenous people and women is tied to the protection of rights within and outside the family, an aspect that needs to be spelt out in laws to avoid a clash with usages and customs based on structures of patriarchal authority and subordination. In December 2006, the United Nations General Assembly approved the first human rights treaty of the twenty-first century, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and its Optional Protocol, establishing that persons with disabilities and their family members should receive the necessary protection and assistance to enable families to contribute towards the full and equal enjoyment of the rights of persons with disabilities (Resolution 61/106 of the United Nations General Assembly). Among the convention’s most important provisions is the one providing that “States Parties reaffirm that every human being has the inherent right to life and shall take all necessary measures to ensure its effective enjoyment by persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others” (article 10). The convention also provides that States parties must ensure the “full development, advancement and empowerment of women, for the purpose of guaranteeing them the exercise and enjoyment of the human rights and fundamental freedoms set out in the present Convention” (article 6). Persons with disabilities must have the option of living an independent life, be included in the community, have the choice of where and with whom to live and have access to in-home, residential and other community support services (article 19). 28 It is important to stress that the right of the disabled to live as independently as possible needs to be given particular attention by the State, rather than simply being allowed to devolve upon the women of the family. This is a clear example of the importance of care as an indispensable activity for human development, and of the risks to women’s independence when States do not provide the means and resources for disabled people to access the services they need as beneficiaries and for men, together with women, to act as providers within and outside the home. These international instruments, which are often reflected in national legislation, serve to give different social groups policy leverage but do not yet form part of a follow-up and monitoring system comparable to that of the institutions that oversee economic policies. A rights-based approach is a development and policymaking strategy (OHCHR, 2004), which makes it important to analyse the State’s level of compliance with the obligations contained in the international instruments signed, and to evaluate the extent to which public policy design takes this perspective into account. In view of this, there needs to be consideration of how the rights of people performing unpaid work (domestic work in general or caregiving in particular) are formulated in international instruments and the national laws of the region’s countries. There can be no doubt that, as Pitch (2006) points out, legal recognition of rights cannot be the only issue for women’s policy, or indeed for policy in general —or ensure the recognition of women as political subjects. Nevertheless, it can make an effective contribution to real empowerment for women (and for the elderly, children, the sick and other social groups) provided rights are treated as universal. This means transcending the particular and the concept of the minority or “vulnerable group” and positing a universality that takes account of differences (Pautassi, 2007). 28 As of May 2007, the countries of the region that had signed the convention were: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname.
64 Table II.1 STATE OF RATIFICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION CONVENTIONS OF MOST IMPORTANCE IN PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY AT WORK (AS OF MARCH 2007) Convention 3 Convention 103 Convention 100 Convention 111 Convention 156 Convention 177 Convention 183 Convention 169 1. Antigua and Barbuda 2003 1983 2. Argentina 1933 1956 1968 1988 2006 2000 3. Bahamas 2001 2001 2001 4. Barbados 1974 1974 5. Belize 2000 a 1999 1999 1999 2005 6. Bolivia 1973 1973 1977 1998 1991 7. Brazil 1965 1957 1965 2002 8. Chile 1994 1971 1971 1994 1991 9. Colombia 1933 1963 1969 10. Costa Rica 1960 1962 1993 11. Cuba 1928 1954 b 1954 1965 2004 12. Dominica 1983 1983 2002 13. Dominican Republic 1953 1964 14. Ecuador 1962 1957 1962 1998 15. El Salvador 2000 1995 2000 16. Grenada 1994 2003 17. Guatemala 1989 1961 1960 1994 1996 18. Guyana 1975 1975 19. Haiti 1958 1976 20. Honduras 1956 1960 1995 21. Jamaica 1975 1975 22. Mexico 1952 1961 1990 23. Nicaragua 1934 1967 1967 24. Panama 1958 1958 1966 25. Paraguay 1964 1967 1993 26. Peru 1960 1970 1986 1994 27. Saint Kitts and Nevis 2000 2000 28. Saint Lucia 1983 1983 29. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2001 2001 30. Suriname 31. Trinidad and Tobago 1997 1970 32. Uruguay 1954 1989 1989 1989 33. Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) 1944 1982 c 1982 1971 1984 2002 Total States ratifying 6 7 32 32 9 1 2 13 Source: a b c Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of International Labour Organization, “Number of ratifications of the ILO Conventions” [online] http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/appl/index.cfmlang=EN. Repudiated in 2005. Repudiated in 2004. Repudiated in 1985. Over 15 years ago, recognizing the heavy pressure placed on women by unpaid work originating in household needs, the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean agreed in the Regional Programme of Action for the Women of Latin America and the Caribbean to “promote more equitable sharing of family responsibilities between women and men” (ECLAC, 1995, p. 53). Lastly, in General Comment No. 16 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, States parties are urged to “collect statistical data on women who work without payment,
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LC/L.2738(CRM.10/3) August 2007 The
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1 FOREWORD The Economic Commission
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3 INTRODUCTION The women of Latin A
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5 essentially not on biological fac
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8 Convention, but the process has b
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10 among development, security and
Page 15 and 16: 12 Another sphere of democratic deb
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Page 25 and 26: 22 democratic movements, gradually
Page 27 and 28: 24 Table I.2 LATIN AMERICA (20 COUN
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Page 31 and 32: 28 In Costa Rica the quota issue be
Page 33 and 34: 30 Table I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 35 and 36: 32 The differences between the resu
Page 37 and 38: 34 Figure I.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 39 and 40: 36 Figure I.6 CARIBBEAN (11 COUNTRI
Page 41 and 42: 38 Figure I.9 CARIBBEAN (9 COUNTRIE
Page 43 and 44: 40 Women’s entry to parliament ca
Page 45 and 46: 42 Figure I.10 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 47 and 48: 44 Figure I.12 THE CARIBBEAN (10 CO
Page 49 and 50: 46 Figure I.14 LATIN AMERICA (15 CO
Page 51 and 52: 48 Table I.6 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 53 and 54: 50 was from 9% to 1.3%, Jamaica (fr
Page 55 and 56: 52 agencies at the highest level an
Page 58 and 59: 55 II. WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO TH
Page 60 and 61: 57 more concerned with the ethic of
Page 62 and 63: 59 Box II.1 THE WORK OF CARE IN SOC
Page 64 and 65: 61 of care on women mounts up. This
Page 68 and 69: 65 social security and social benef
Page 70 and 71: 67 disincentive to their recruitmen
Page 72 and 73: 69 seeks to reform the constitution
Page 74 and 75: 71 Box II.4 REGULATION OF EMPLOYMEN
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Page 80 and 81: 77 Figure II.4 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 82 and 83: 79 Figure II.7 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 84 and 85: 81 Box II.6 HAITI. DOMESTIC WORKERS
Page 86 and 87: 83 It is interesting to characteriz
Page 88 and 89: 85 care to the “productive” adu
Page 90 and 91: 87 Box II. 7 (concluded) To sum up,
Page 92 and 93: 89 are also inaccurate, which widen
Page 94 and 95: 91 Some progress has been made sinc
Page 96 and 97: 93 Figure II.15 AVERAGE HOURS SPENT
Page 98 and 99: 95 Country Costa Rica El Salvador G
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Page 102 and 103: 99 employee for family reasons. The
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Page 114 and 115: 111 Appendix TECHNICAL NOTES The st
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113 Household survey information al
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115 sub-module “home maintenance
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118 _____ (2003), "Políticas para
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120 Carrasco, Cristina (2001), “H
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122 _____ (2003b), “Redes de apoy
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124 Huenchuan, Sandra and José Mig
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126 Montaño, Sonia (2007a), “Emp
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128 Rico, María Nieves (2006), “
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130 _____ (1979), Convention on the
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