Women in Latin America and the Caribbean - Cepal

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33 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA (11 COUNTRIES): INCREASE IN THE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT (LOWER OR SINGLE CHAMBERS), UNDER THE EFFECTS OF THE QUOTA LAW (Percentages) High growth Medium growth 50 50 40 Costa Rica Costa Rica Argentina 30 Argentina ArgentinaArgentinaArgentina Peru Peru Mexico Honduras 20 Costa Rica Costa Rica Peru Mexico Mexico 10 Peru Honduras Honduras Honduras 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 40 30 20 10 Dominican Republic Dominican Ecuador Republic Bolivia Panama Panama Bolivia Ecuador Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Bolivia Ecuador Bolivia Panama 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Low growth 50 40 30 20 Brazil Paraguay 10 Brazil Brazil 0 Paraguay Paraguay 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of Inter-Parliamentary Union, “Women in National Parliaments” [online] http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htm [date of reference: 10 December 2006]. Brazil is an interesting case, as there was no significant increase in female participation, despite the fact that conditions appeared conducive to the adoption of a quota law: a strong feminist movement, a large group of women lobbying for the adoption of the 1988 Constitution, the coordinating role played by the First National Women’s Council and the early adoption of a 30% quota by the Workers’ Party (PT) for either sex in its governing bodies. The lack of increase is attributable in part to political factors and the nature of the electoral system. Some studies have found that increasing women’s numbers in the legislative power through affirmative action was not one of female politicians’ main concerns in Brazil (Miguel, 2002; Marx, Borner and Caminotti, 2006). Furthermore, the proposal came up against an electoral system that was not conducive to the use of quotas. This shows how important it is bring about a combination of propitious factors —a firm political will, a suitable electoral system and an active force in society— in order to achieve progress in women’s political representation. The countries that have adopted a quota law yield better results that those that have not (see figure I.4). This is especially true for the legislative branches in Argentina, Costa Rica, Honduras and Peru.
34 Figure I.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (33 COUNTRIES): PROPORTION OF WOMEN IN LEGISLATIVE BRANCH (LOWER AND SINGLE CHAMBERS) (Percentages) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 Saint Kitts and Nevis Colombia Haiti Guatemala Brazil Dominica Belize Uruguay Nicaragua Antigua and Barbuda Saint Vincent and the Grenadines El Salvador Saint Lucia Trinidad and Tobago Jamaica Grenada Panama Paraguay Dominican Republic Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) Guyana Chile Barbados Bolivia Ecuador Bahamas Cuba Mexico Honduras Suriname Peru Costa Rica Argentina Difference between periods 1990 a/ 2006 Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of Inter-Parliamentary Union, “Women in National Parliaments” [online] http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world-arc.htm [date of reference: 10 December 2006]. a Elections: Argentina (1989), Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (1988), Bolivia, (1989), Brazil (1990), Chile (1989), Colombia (1994), Costa Rica (1990), Dominican Republic (1994), Ecuador (1992), El Salvador (1991), Guatemala (1994), Honduras (1993), Mexico (1994), Nicaragua (1990), Panama (1994), Paraguay (1993), Peru (1990) and Uruguay (1994). Female representation has also risen in countries that do not have quotas, although more slowly and les steadily, since in these cases the presence of women representatives depends more on political will than on statutory requirements (see figure I.5). The percentage of women in Latin American parliaments has been quite uneven between countries and unstable from one period to the next, which makes it difficult to categorize countries by any particular pattern. In Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and El Salvador, for example, the trends are fairly erratic, with sharp increases and decreases between periods. In Colombia, women’s representation has dropped sharply in the most recent period, after remaining stable for some time, whereas in Guatemala it remains below the more advantageous level of 1995.
Page 2 and 3: LC/L.2738(CRM.10/3) August 2007 The
Page 4 and 5: 1 FOREWORD The Economic Commission
Page 6 and 7: 3 INTRODUCTION The women of Latin A
Page 8: 5 essentially not on biological fac
Page 11 and 12: 8 Convention, but the process has b
Page 13 and 14: 10 among development, security and
Page 15 and 16: 12 Another sphere of democratic deb
Page 17 and 18: 14 to articulate their efforts in i
Page 19 and 20: 16 boundaries between human, reprod
Page 21 and 22: 18 relatively less powerful, new gl
Page 23 and 24: 20 universalist school’s argument
Page 25 and 26: 22 democratic movements, gradually
Page 27 and 28: 24 Table I.2 LATIN AMERICA (20 COUN
Page 29 and 30: 26 In many countries, a new collect
Page 31 and 32: 28 In Costa Rica the quota issue be
Page 33 and 34: 30 Table I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 35: 32 The differences between the resu
Page 39 and 40: 36 Figure I.6 CARIBBEAN (11 COUNTRI
Page 41 and 42: 38 Figure I.9 CARIBBEAN (9 COUNTRIE
Page 43 and 44: 40 Women’s entry to parliament ca
Page 45 and 46: 42 Figure I.10 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 47 and 48: 44 Figure I.12 THE CARIBBEAN (10 CO
Page 49 and 50: 46 Figure I.14 LATIN AMERICA (15 CO
Page 51 and 52: 48 Table I.6 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 53 and 54: 50 was from 9% to 1.3%, Jamaica (fr
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Page 58 and 59: 55 II. WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO TH
Page 60 and 61: 57 more concerned with the ethic of
Page 62 and 63: 59 Box II.1 THE WORK OF CARE IN SOC
Page 64 and 65: 61 of care on women mounts up. This
Page 66 and 67: 63 conditions of employment of work
Page 68 and 69: 65 social security and social benef
Page 70 and 71: 67 disincentive to their recruitmen
Page 72 and 73: 69 seeks to reform the constitution
Page 74 and 75: 71 Box II.4 REGULATION OF EMPLOYMEN
Page 76 and 77: 73 those in rural areas (42.1%), wh
Page 78 and 79: 75 sex and activity (see figure II.
Page 80 and 81: 77 Figure II.4 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 82 and 83: 79 Figure II.7 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 84 and 85: 81 Box II.6 HAITI. DOMESTIC WORKERS
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83 It is interesting to characteriz
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85 care to the “productive” adu
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87 Box II. 7 (concluded) To sum up,
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89 are also inaccurate, which widen
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91 Some progress has been made sinc
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93 Figure II.15 AVERAGE HOURS SPENT
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95 Country Costa Rica El Salvador G
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97 domestic life is shared between
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99 employee for family reasons. The
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101 In the private sphere, there ha
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103 Table II.4 SEVEN SELECTED CITIE
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105 Box II.12 EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL SE
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107 III. TOWARDS A RESEARCH AND POL
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109 (iii) Contribute to the mainten
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111 Appendix TECHNICAL NOTES The st
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113 Household survey information al
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115 sub-module “home maintenance
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118 _____ (2003), "Políticas para
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120 Carrasco, Cristina (2001), “H
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122 _____ (2003b), “Redes de apoy
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124 Huenchuan, Sandra and José Mig
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126 Montaño, Sonia (2007a), “Emp
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128 Rico, María Nieves (2006), “
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130 _____ (1979), Convention on the
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