Women in Latin America and the Caribbean - Cepal

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115 sub-module “home maintenance”; and in Mexico, the weekly time spent on activities within domestic work was added together. Monetary value of unpaid domestic work Some countries or academic institutions have attempted to establish the economic value of unpaid domestic work, but the practice has not become widespread to date. Various methodologies have been put forward to measure the monetary contribution of unpaid domestic work to countries’ economies. Nonetheless, the basic requirement is to have time-use surveys that identify the number of people involved and the number of weekly hours spent on each domestic activity, which must have a counterpart in each country’s System of National Accounts. Information is also required on the income and working hours of people employed in domestic activities, so as to calculate the cost per hour. Information on political participation Timely and complete data to ensure high-quality information are essential for the follow-up of political participation in the executive branch and local politics. The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) regularly updates its online database using official information from national parliaments. The database provides information on the percentage of women in parliament, as well as their situation and role (chairperson, committee member, etc.). The database also contains information on electoral systems and mandates of member countries, as well as their most recent election results. This report uses information updated up to November 2006. Generally speaking, countries do not have systematized and regularly updated databases on the presence of women in the executive branch. To gain access to national data, in September 2006 ECLAC sent out a questionnaire to the authorities of national gender machineries of all Latin American and Caribbean countries, requesting information on the last three presidential terms. 2 The information obtained (see the statistical annex) was used to create a database, which led to an analysis of the presence of women in ministerial posts, the very subject of this document. This database is expected to be constantly updated, with a view to calculating the following indicators: (i) Duration of ministerial post, by sex; (ii) Cabinet composition by sex, according to ministerial area; (iii) Percentage of female ministers in a given month and year; (iv) Percentage of ministers at the beginning and end of the presidency. Despite progress made, more information is still required on the participation and position of women in ministerial cabinets, political parties, regional parliaments, the judiciary, agencies monitoring State powers, various levels of power, the armed forces, social and business organizations and trade unions. To advance in this direction, ECLAC is considering setting up a gender parity observatory. The statistical annex shows the information currently available for each country. 2 Questionnaire on unpaid work and political participation, sent out to Latin American and Caribbean countries on 15 September 2006.
117 Bibliography Abramo, Laís and Marta Rangel (eds.) (2005), América Latina: negociación colectiva y equidad de género, Santiago, Chile, International Labour Office. Abramo, Laís and Rosalba Todaro (eds.) (2002), Cuestionando un mito: costos laborales de hombres y mujeres en América Latina, Lima, International Labour Office. Agacinski, Sylviane (1999), Política de sexos, Madrid, Taurus. Aguilar, Carolina (ed.) (2002), Algo más que palabras. El post-Beijing en Cuba: acciones y evaluación, La Habana, Editorial de la Mujer. Aguilar, Mercedes and Isolda Espinosa (2004), El uso del tiempo de los y las nicaragüenses, Managua, National Statistics and Census Institute (INEC), Programme for the Improvement of Surveys and the Measurement of Living Conditions in Latin America and the Caribbean (MECOVI). Aguirre, Rosario (2005), “El aporte del trabajo remunerado y no remunerado de las mujeres a la economía de los países y a la superación de la pobreza”, working document, Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), September, preliminary version. Almenara Estudios Económicos y Sociales (2004), “Social security systems in the EU and their impact on reconciling family life and work life” [online] http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user- S/11142111351EU_Study_on_Social_Security.pdf. Altman, David and Rossana Castiglioni (2000), “¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de gobernabilidad democrática”, Desarrollo Humano e Institucional en América Latina (DHIAL), No. 9, Barcelona [online] http://www.iigov.org/dhial/p=9_03. Alvarenga Venutolo, Patricia (2004), “Las mujeres del Partido Vanguardia Popular en la constitución de la ciudadanía femenina en Costa Rica, 1952-1983” [online] http://historia.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/ articulos/esp-genero/2parte/CAP15Alvarenga.htm [date of reference: 30 September 2006]. Amnesty International (2005), It’s in our Hands. Stop Violence against Women [online] http://web.amnesty.org/library/pdf/ACT770012004ENGLISH/$File/ACT7700104.pdf. Amorós, Celia (2005), “La gran diferencia y sus pequeñas consecuencias… para las luchas de las mujeres”, Colección feminismos, Madrid, Ediciones Cátedra. _____ (1997), “Tiempo de feminismo. Sobre feminismo, proyecto ilustrado y postmodernidad”, Colección feminismos, No. 41, Madrid, Ediciones Cátedra. _____ (1994), Feminismo: igualdad y diferencia, Colección Libros del PUEG series, Mexico City, National Autonomous University of Mexico. _____ (1985), “Hacia una crítica de la razón patriarcal”, Pensamiento crítico/Pensamiento utópico, No. 15, Barcelona, Editorial Anthropos. Amorós, Celia and Ana de Miguel (2005a), Teoría feminista: de la Ilustración a la globalización. Del feminismo liberal a la posmodernidad, vol. 2, Madrid, Minerva Ediciones. _____ (2005b), Teoría feminista: de la Ilustración a la globalización. De los debates sobre el género al multiculturalismo, vol. 3, Madrid, Minerva Ediciones. Ansaldi, Waldo (1995), “Gobernabilidad democrática y desigualdad social”, Estudios sociales, vol. 5, No. 9, Bogotá, D.C. [online] http://www.catedras.fsoc.uba.ar/udishal/art/gobernabilidaddemocratica. Armas, Amparo (2005), “Redes e institucionalización en Ecuador. Bono de Desarrollo Humano”, Mujer y desarrollo series, No. 76 (LC/L.2405-P), Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). Arriagada, Irma (2007), “Gestión y financiamiento de las políticas que afectan a las familias”, Seminarios y conferencias series, No. 49 (LC/L.2648-P/E), Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), January. United Nations publication, Sales No. S.06.II.G.174.
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LC/L.2738(CRM.10/3) August 2007 The
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1 FOREWORD The Economic Commission
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3 INTRODUCTION The women of Latin A
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5 essentially not on biological fac
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8 Convention, but the process has b
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10 among development, security and
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12 Another sphere of democratic deb
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14 to articulate their efforts in i
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16 boundaries between human, reprod
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18 relatively less powerful, new gl
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20 universalist school’s argument
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22 democratic movements, gradually
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24 Table I.2 LATIN AMERICA (20 COUN
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26 In many countries, a new collect
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28 In Costa Rica the quota issue be
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30 Table I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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32 The differences between the resu
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34 Figure I.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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36 Figure I.6 CARIBBEAN (11 COUNTRI
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38 Figure I.9 CARIBBEAN (9 COUNTRIE
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40 Women’s entry to parliament ca
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42 Figure I.10 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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44 Figure I.12 THE CARIBBEAN (10 CO
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46 Figure I.14 LATIN AMERICA (15 CO
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48 Table I.6 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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50 was from 9% to 1.3%, Jamaica (fr
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52 agencies at the highest level an
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55 II. WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO TH
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57 more concerned with the ethic of
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59 Box II.1 THE WORK OF CARE IN SOC
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61 of care on women mounts up. This
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63 conditions of employment of work
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Page 70 and 71: 67 disincentive to their recruitmen
Page 72 and 73: 69 seeks to reform the constitution
Page 74 and 75: 71 Box II.4 REGULATION OF EMPLOYMEN
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Page 78 and 79: 75 sex and activity (see figure II.
Page 80 and 81: 77 Figure II.4 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 82 and 83: 79 Figure II.7 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 84 and 85: 81 Box II.6 HAITI. DOMESTIC WORKERS
Page 86 and 87: 83 It is interesting to characteriz
Page 88 and 89: 85 care to the “productive” adu
Page 90 and 91: 87 Box II. 7 (concluded) To sum up,
Page 92 and 93: 89 are also inaccurate, which widen
Page 94 and 95: 91 Some progress has been made sinc
Page 96 and 97: 93 Figure II.15 AVERAGE HOURS SPENT
Page 98 and 99: 95 Country Costa Rica El Salvador G
Page 100 and 101: 97 domestic life is shared between
Page 102 and 103: 99 employee for family reasons. The
Page 104 and 105: 101 In the private sphere, there ha
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Page 108 and 109: 105 Box II.12 EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL SE
Page 110 and 111: 107 III. TOWARDS A RESEARCH AND POL
Page 112 and 113: 109 (iii) Contribute to the mainten
Page 114 and 115: 111 Appendix TECHNICAL NOTES The st
Page 116 and 117: 113 Household survey information al
Page 120 and 121: 118 _____ (2003), "Políticas para
Page 122 and 123: 120 Carrasco, Cristina (2001), “H
Page 124 and 125: 122 _____ (2003b), “Redes de apoy
Page 126 and 127: 124 Huenchuan, Sandra and José Mig
Page 128 and 129: 126 Montaño, Sonia (2007a), “Emp
Page 130 and 131: 128 Rico, María Nieves (2006), “
Page 132: 130 _____ (1979), Convention on the
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