Women in Latin America and the Caribbean - Cepal

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45 Figure I.13 ARGENTINA: MALE AND FEMALE MINISTERS BY YEAR, 1973-2004 (Percentages) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Males Females Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of “Rulers” [online] http://rulers.org/rula2.html#argentina [date of reference: 30 November 2006]. There are barely any women with economic portfolios in Latin American government cabinets, very few with responsibility for political affairs and slightly more with social portfolios. In the most recent period, 38% of ministerial posts occupied by women were in social ministries, which was a 17- percentage-point rise with regard to the first presidential term examined. Between the first and the third terms, the proportion of women rose by 11 percentage points in political portfolios and by 7 points in those concerned with economic affairs. 16 For the first time, women hold defence portfolios simultaneously in Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Ecuador, which is a notable development since these ministries have traditionally been occupied by men in those countries. 16 The ministries have been classified in four groups: political, economic, social and cultural, and others. In many cases, ministries cover too many different fields or their areas of responsibility are grouped in too many different ways to be placed in any single category. Generally speaking, the social and cultural cabinet consisted of the portfolios of education, health, labour, housing, women’s affairs and other similar areas; the economic cabinet comprised the ministries of economic affairs, finance, energy, mining, communications, transport, public works, agriculture, tourism and related fields; and the political cabinet consisted mainly of ministries of the interior, external affairs, justice, security and defence and other similar matters. “Others” included ministries of the environment and science and technology and “mixed” ministries, which are most commonly found in the Caribbean countries and have responsibility for a number of different areas.
46 Figure I.14 LATIN AMERICA (15 COUNTRIES): COMPOSITION OF MINISTERIAL PORTFOLIOS IN THE LAST THREE PRESIDENTIAL TERMS, BY SEX a (Percentages) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 8 4 15 5 9 16 21 32 38 17 23 32 I II III I II III I II III I II III Economic Political Social and cultural Others Women Men Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of replies to the questionnaires sent to the respective countries, Santiago, Chile, 2006. a Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. A breakdown by area of responsibility shows that, at present (the third presidential term in the study), around 50% of female ministers in Latin America hold portfolios in the social area, 22% in the economic field and 21% in political affairs. In the Caribbean, 34.6% of female ministers have social portfolios, 11.5% political portfolios and 7.7% economic ones. Most of these ministers have responsibility for mixed cabinets covering different areas of ministerial work. A review of ministries held by women in the Caribbean during the last three presidential terms shows that they have gradually been gaining access to high-level portfolios in the “hard core” areas of the State. The number of women with responsibilities in the economic area varies from one period to another, however. Those working in political affairs have increased in number slowly but systematically, while there have been many women in the social and cultural area in all three periods, albeit with a sharp drop from 37% to 23% between the first and second terms. In the most recent term, the cabinets classified under “others” had the highest percentage of women (34%).
Page 2 and 3: LC/L.2738(CRM.10/3) August 2007 The
Page 4 and 5: 1 FOREWORD The Economic Commission
Page 6 and 7: 3 INTRODUCTION The women of Latin A
Page 8: 5 essentially not on biological fac
Page 11 and 12: 8 Convention, but the process has b
Page 13 and 14: 10 among development, security and
Page 15 and 16: 12 Another sphere of democratic deb
Page 17 and 18: 14 to articulate their efforts in i
Page 19 and 20: 16 boundaries between human, reprod
Page 21 and 22: 18 relatively less powerful, new gl
Page 23 and 24: 20 universalist school’s argument
Page 25 and 26: 22 democratic movements, gradually
Page 27 and 28: 24 Table I.2 LATIN AMERICA (20 COUN
Page 29 and 30: 26 In many countries, a new collect
Page 31 and 32: 28 In Costa Rica the quota issue be
Page 33 and 34: 30 Table I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 35 and 36: 32 The differences between the resu
Page 37 and 38: 34 Figure I.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 39 and 40: 36 Figure I.6 CARIBBEAN (11 COUNTRI
Page 41 and 42: 38 Figure I.9 CARIBBEAN (9 COUNTRIE
Page 43 and 44: 40 Women’s entry to parliament ca
Page 45 and 46: 42 Figure I.10 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 47: 44 Figure I.12 THE CARIBBEAN (10 CO
Page 51 and 52: 48 Table I.6 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 53 and 54: 50 was from 9% to 1.3%, Jamaica (fr
Page 55 and 56: 52 agencies at the highest level an
Page 58 and 59: 55 II. WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO TH
Page 60 and 61: 57 more concerned with the ethic of
Page 62 and 63: 59 Box II.1 THE WORK OF CARE IN SOC
Page 64 and 65: 61 of care on women mounts up. This
Page 66 and 67: 63 conditions of employment of work
Page 68 and 69: 65 social security and social benef
Page 70 and 71: 67 disincentive to their recruitmen
Page 72 and 73: 69 seeks to reform the constitution
Page 74 and 75: 71 Box II.4 REGULATION OF EMPLOYMEN
Page 76 and 77: 73 those in rural areas (42.1%), wh
Page 78 and 79: 75 sex and activity (see figure II.
Page 80 and 81: 77 Figure II.4 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 82 and 83: 79 Figure II.7 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 84 and 85: 81 Box II.6 HAITI. DOMESTIC WORKERS
Page 86 and 87: 83 It is interesting to characteriz
Page 88 and 89: 85 care to the “productive” adu
Page 90 and 91: 87 Box II. 7 (concluded) To sum up,
Page 92 and 93: 89 are also inaccurate, which widen
Page 94 and 95: 91 Some progress has been made sinc
Page 96 and 97: 93 Figure II.15 AVERAGE HOURS SPENT
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95 Country Costa Rica El Salvador G
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97 domestic life is shared between
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99 employee for family reasons. The
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101 In the private sphere, there ha
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103 Table II.4 SEVEN SELECTED CITIE
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105 Box II.12 EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL SE
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107 III. TOWARDS A RESEARCH AND POL
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109 (iii) Contribute to the mainten
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111 Appendix TECHNICAL NOTES The st
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113 Household survey information al
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115 sub-module “home maintenance
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118 _____ (2003), "Políticas para
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120 Carrasco, Cristina (2001), “H
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122 _____ (2003b), “Redes de apoy
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124 Huenchuan, Sandra and José Mig
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126 Montaño, Sonia (2007a), “Emp
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128 Rico, María Nieves (2006), “
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130 _____ (1979), Convention on the
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