Women in Latin America and the Caribbean - Cepal

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85 care to the “productive” adult population aged 18 to 64 and progressively higher scores to adolescents, children and the elderly, whose care needs are greater. 43 Going by census-based population projections for 2005-2015, it can be estimated that the number of care units required in Latin America in 2005 was 24% greater than the total population (677,281,504 care units as against 546,663,682 people). The burden is not distributed evenly between men and women, however, and neither children nor the elderly are in a position to provide or care for themselves. By 2015, this burden or demand is expected to have fallen slightly where minors are concerned, mainly owing to lower fertility, but to have increased for older adults. The burden of care on the active population (aged 18 to 64) in 2005 was just over two units of demand per person, while by 2015 it is expected to have fallen slightly to two units (see table II.3). This information has important implications for public policies, since it identifies the so-called inbetween generation as the fundamental source of care. Again, if this situation is considered in the light of increasing labour market participation by women, who are the main carers, and of the absence or inadequacy of social care infrastructure, it can be seen that responses will have to be found to the needs of the population under these shifting scenarios in a quite near future. Table II.3 MADRID SCALE: DEMAND FOR CARE BY DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION, LATIN AMERICA 2005-2015 Age group (years) Weighting factor (1) Population (2) Units of demand = (1) x (2) Percentage distribution of units of demand 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 Preschool (0-4) 2 55 319 818 53 850 771 110 639 636 107 701 542 16.3 14.3 School (5-14) 1.5 108 346 418 108 847 599 162 519 627 163 271 399 24.0 21.7 School-age youth (15-17) 1.2 31 510 904 32 201 134 37 813 085 38 641 361 5.6 5.1 Adult (18-64) 1 318 140 174 375 439 709 318 140 174 375 439 709 47.0 49.9 Older adult (65-74) 1.2 20 701 834 28 553 239 24 842 201 34 263 887 3.7 4.6 Elderly (75-79) 1.7 6 540 955 8 567 239 11 119 624 14 564 306 1.6 1.9 Very elderly (80 plus) 2 6 103 579 9 076 823 12 207 158 18 153 646 1.8 2.4 Total population 546 663 682 616 536 514 Total care units required 677 281 504 752 035 849 100 100 Care units required as a percentage of the total population 124 a 122 Care units required as a percentage of the population aged 18 to 64 213 200 Source: Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC, on the basis of projections from population censuses using the Madrid scale methodology. a 100 x (546 663 682 / 677 281 504). 43 The per capita scores are as follows: 2 for children aged 0 to 4, 1.5 for those aged 5 to 14, 1.2 for adolescents aged 15 to 17, 1.2 for people aged 65 to 74, 1.7 for those aged 75 to 84, and 2 for those aged over 85 (Durán, 2006).
86 Box II.7 ECUADOR. THE FEMINIZATION OF AGEING AND THE GENDER DISADVANTAGES THAT ACCRUE OVER THE LIFE CYCLE A striking feature of the population ageing process is feminization, owing to the fact that women live longer than men. In Ecuador, following the global trend, women’s life expectancy is greater than men’s at all ages and the difference in women’s favour increases with age. Paradoxically, women’s longer life expectancy is not an indicator of reduced gender inequality. On the contrary, female ageing is accompanied by economic and social disadvantages deriving from gender inequities throughout the life cycle. Thus, women reach old age with more disabilities, less access to health care and social security, and special support and care needs. The consequences of ageing also have an impact on women who are at other stages in the life cycle. The following chart shows the parental dependency index, which measures the relationship between the population aged 65 or over and the population aged 45 to 64, for both sexes and for women only. ECUADOR: OLDER ADULTS FOR EVERY 100 PEOPLE OF BOTH SEXES AND FOR EVERY 100 WOMEN AGED 45 TO 64, 1950-2050 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Both sexes Women Source: National Statistics and Census Institute (INEC)/Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)/Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC, Ecuador: estimaciones y proyecciones de población, 1950-2050, Quito, National Statistics and Census Institute (INEC), 2003. Whatever age range is considered, we see that the parental care burden represented by older people will increase continuously in future and at a much faster rate than now. These data show that in future Ecuadorian women will be including their parents, parents-in-law and grandparents in their care work. Furthermore, the main demand for care can be expected to come from women, since they tend to survive their male contemporaries and live long enough to require practical support in their day-to-day activities as physical ageing takes its toll. According to 2001 census data, disability in old age is more common among women (53.3%) than men (46.7%), and when the types of disablement are considered it transpires that psychiatric diseases, eyesight problems, difficulties of movement and multiple disabilities are more prevalent among older women than among men. These problems become more frequent with age, so women aged 75 and over can be expected to be the main sufferers from disability in old age.
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LC/L.2738(CRM.10/3) August 2007 The
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1 FOREWORD The Economic Commission
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3 INTRODUCTION The women of Latin A
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5 essentially not on biological fac
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8 Convention, but the process has b
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10 among development, security and
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12 Another sphere of democratic deb
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14 to articulate their efforts in i
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16 boundaries between human, reprod
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18 relatively less powerful, new gl
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20 universalist school’s argument
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22 democratic movements, gradually
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24 Table I.2 LATIN AMERICA (20 COUN
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26 In many countries, a new collect
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28 In Costa Rica the quota issue be
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30 Table I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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32 The differences between the resu
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Page 39 and 40: 36 Figure I.6 CARIBBEAN (11 COUNTRI
Page 41 and 42: 38 Figure I.9 CARIBBEAN (9 COUNTRIE
Page 43 and 44: 40 Women’s entry to parliament ca
Page 45 and 46: 42 Figure I.10 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 47 and 48: 44 Figure I.12 THE CARIBBEAN (10 CO
Page 49 and 50: 46 Figure I.14 LATIN AMERICA (15 CO
Page 51 and 52: 48 Table I.6 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 53 and 54: 50 was from 9% to 1.3%, Jamaica (fr
Page 55 and 56: 52 agencies at the highest level an
Page 58 and 59: 55 II. WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO TH
Page 60 and 61: 57 more concerned with the ethic of
Page 62 and 63: 59 Box II.1 THE WORK OF CARE IN SOC
Page 64 and 65: 61 of care on women mounts up. This
Page 66 and 67: 63 conditions of employment of work
Page 68 and 69: 65 social security and social benef
Page 70 and 71: 67 disincentive to their recruitmen
Page 72 and 73: 69 seeks to reform the constitution
Page 74 and 75: 71 Box II.4 REGULATION OF EMPLOYMEN
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Page 78 and 79: 75 sex and activity (see figure II.
Page 80 and 81: 77 Figure II.4 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 82 and 83: 79 Figure II.7 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 84 and 85: 81 Box II.6 HAITI. DOMESTIC WORKERS
Page 86 and 87: 83 It is interesting to characteriz
Page 90 and 91: 87 Box II. 7 (concluded) To sum up,
Page 92 and 93: 89 are also inaccurate, which widen
Page 94 and 95: 91 Some progress has been made sinc
Page 96 and 97: 93 Figure II.15 AVERAGE HOURS SPENT
Page 98 and 99: 95 Country Costa Rica El Salvador G
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Page 102 and 103: 99 employee for family reasons. The
Page 104 and 105: 101 In the private sphere, there ha
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Page 114 and 115: 111 Appendix TECHNICAL NOTES The st
Page 116 and 117: 113 Household survey information al
Page 118 and 119: 115 sub-module “home maintenance
Page 120 and 121: 118 _____ (2003), "Políticas para
Page 122 and 123: 120 Carrasco, Cristina (2001), “H
Page 124 and 125: 122 _____ (2003b), “Redes de apoy
Page 126 and 127: 124 Huenchuan, Sandra and José Mig
Page 128 and 129: 126 Montaño, Sonia (2007a), “Emp
Page 130 and 131: 128 Rico, María Nieves (2006), “
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