Women in Latin America and the Caribbean - Cepal

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93 Figure II.15 AVERAGE HOURS SPENT ON HOUSEHOLD TASKS EACH DAY, WITH AND WITHOUT SOMEONE EMPLOYED EXCLUSIVELY ON THIS WORK 7 6 5 Hours per day 4 3 2 1 0 Without a/ With b/ Without a/ With b/ Without a/ With b/ Bolivia, 2001 Guatemala, 2000 Nicaragua, 1998 Men 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.9 3.0 Women 4.7 3.9 6.0 4.5 4.4 3.9 Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household surveys from the countries concerned. a b Men There is no-one working exclusively on household tasks. There is someone working exclusively on household tasks. Women Figure II.16 AVERAGE HOURS SPENT ON HOUSEHOLD TASKS EACH WEEK, WITH AND WITHOUT SOMEONE EMPLOYED EXCLUSIVELY ON THIS WORK 50 45 40 35 Hours per week 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Without a/ With b/ Without a/ With b/ Ecuador, 2004 Mexico, 2002 Men 11.8 10.2 13.6 11.0 Women 27.3 18.2 47.3 28.0 Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household surveys from the countries concerned. a b Men There is no-one working exclusively on household tasks. There is someone working exclusively on household tasks. Women
94 Time-use surveys are a useful instrument for analysing work in the light of the links between the public and private spheres, and for studying the “social contract” governing day-to-day relations between men and women within the home and in society. 46 This information can be a very valuable input for those trying to formulate equitable public policies. The subject has risen to greater prominence in recent years and the region has been making much more use of studies of this type, which have become firmly institutionalized in Europe thanks to the Harmonised European Time Use Surveys (HETUS) designed by the Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT). In recent years, Latin American countries have been making far more use than formerly of special time-use surveys or modules within other surveys (Argentina, 1998; Bolivia, 2001; Brazil, 2001; Costa Rica, 2004; Cuba, 2001; Ecuador, 2004-2005; El Salvador, 2005; Guatemala, 2000; Mexico, 1996, 1998 and 2002; Nicaragua, 1996; Panama, 2006; Uruguay, 2003). Importantly, some countries are now planning to move beyond the experimental or pilot stage that was typical of the region three years or so ago (Milosavljevic and Tacla, 2007) and these data-gathering instruments are gradually beginning to form part of the official planning of national statistical institutes, which implies an increasing likelihood of resources being obtained or allocated for surveys of this type. A good example is what has happened in Ecuador, where time-use information has been collected since 2003 with the inclusion of four variables in the employment and income module; since 2004, furthermore, a block of eight questions has been incorporated permanently into the household survey conducted by the National Statistics and Census Institute (INEC). In 2005, the first special survey was conducted for three ethnically differentiated geographical areas, while a national time-use survey with urban, rural and provincial representation and with a multi-ethnic and pluricultural approach is planned for the second half of 2007. 47 In Cuba, the National Statistical Office (ONE) and the Federation of Cuban Women have been conducting national time-use surveys in a staged approach, with regular updating. These have revealed that, for all the efforts made by the government, women still spend twice as many hours as men on housework, childcare and family health care. 48 No special time-use surveys have been conducted in the Caribbean as yet, but some interesting information has been obtained by analysing the latest censuses from the Cayman Islands (1999) and Dominica (2001) (ECLAC, 2007d). Time-use studies are also carried out in academic circles (in Uruguay, for example) and by NGOs. An interesting initiative has been conducted by Red Thread, a women’s organization in Guyana, which researched the activities of Afro-Guyanese and Indo-Guyanese women during a typical day, linking their workload (an average of 14 to 18 hours a day) with the conditions they live in, with limited household access to electricity and water. In other words, social infrastructure and human settlement policies were related to the amount and intensiveness of unpaid domestic work. 46 47 48 The field of application of time-use surveys extends far beyond domestic work. They can be used for town planning, analysis of tourism and the use of leisure time, and school management, among other purposes. Report presented by the National Women’s Council (CONAMU) at the subregional preparatory meeting for South America for the tenth session of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile, May 2007. Communication from the representative of the Government of Cuba during the virtual forum in preparation for the tenth session of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, ECLAC, January 2007.
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LC/L.2738(CRM.10/3) August 2007 The
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1 FOREWORD The Economic Commission
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3 INTRODUCTION The women of Latin A
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5 essentially not on biological fac
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8 Convention, but the process has b
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10 among development, security and
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12 Another sphere of democratic deb
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14 to articulate their efforts in i
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16 boundaries between human, reprod
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18 relatively less powerful, new gl
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20 universalist school’s argument
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22 democratic movements, gradually
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24 Table I.2 LATIN AMERICA (20 COUN
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26 In many countries, a new collect
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28 In Costa Rica the quota issue be
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30 Table I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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32 The differences between the resu
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34 Figure I.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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36 Figure I.6 CARIBBEAN (11 COUNTRI
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38 Figure I.9 CARIBBEAN (9 COUNTRIE
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40 Women’s entry to parliament ca
Page 45 and 46: 42 Figure I.10 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 47 and 48: 44 Figure I.12 THE CARIBBEAN (10 CO
Page 49 and 50: 46 Figure I.14 LATIN AMERICA (15 CO
Page 51 and 52: 48 Table I.6 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 53 and 54: 50 was from 9% to 1.3%, Jamaica (fr
Page 55 and 56: 52 agencies at the highest level an
Page 58 and 59: 55 II. WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO TH
Page 60 and 61: 57 more concerned with the ethic of
Page 62 and 63: 59 Box II.1 THE WORK OF CARE IN SOC
Page 64 and 65: 61 of care on women mounts up. This
Page 66 and 67: 63 conditions of employment of work
Page 68 and 69: 65 social security and social benef
Page 70 and 71: 67 disincentive to their recruitmen
Page 72 and 73: 69 seeks to reform the constitution
Page 74 and 75: 71 Box II.4 REGULATION OF EMPLOYMEN
Page 76 and 77: 73 those in rural areas (42.1%), wh
Page 78 and 79: 75 sex and activity (see figure II.
Page 80 and 81: 77 Figure II.4 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 82 and 83: 79 Figure II.7 LATIN AMERICA (SIMPL
Page 84 and 85: 81 Box II.6 HAITI. DOMESTIC WORKERS
Page 86 and 87: 83 It is interesting to characteriz
Page 88 and 89: 85 care to the “productive” adu
Page 90 and 91: 87 Box II. 7 (concluded) To sum up,
Page 92 and 93: 89 are also inaccurate, which widen
Page 94 and 95: 91 Some progress has been made sinc
Page 98 and 99: 95 Country Costa Rica El Salvador G
Page 100 and 101: 97 domestic life is shared between
Page 102 and 103: 99 employee for family reasons. The
Page 104 and 105: 101 In the private sphere, there ha
Page 106 and 107: 103 Table II.4 SEVEN SELECTED CITIE
Page 108 and 109: 105 Box II.12 EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL SE
Page 110 and 111: 107 III. TOWARDS A RESEARCH AND POL
Page 112 and 113: 109 (iii) Contribute to the mainten
Page 114 and 115: 111 Appendix TECHNICAL NOTES The st
Page 116 and 117: 113 Household survey information al
Page 118 and 119: 115 sub-module “home maintenance
Page 120 and 121: 118 _____ (2003), "Políticas para
Page 122 and 123: 120 Carrasco, Cristina (2001), “H
Page 124 and 125: 122 _____ (2003b), “Redes de apoy
Page 126 and 127: 124 Huenchuan, Sandra and José Mig
Page 128 and 129: 126 Montaño, Sonia (2007a), “Emp
Page 130 and 131: 128 Rico, María Nieves (2006), “
Page 132: 130 _____ (1979), Convention on the
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