The evolution of European Union criminal law (1957-2012)

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table of Contents Abstract______________________________________________________________3 Acknowledgements_____________________________________________________4 Table of contents_______________________________________________________6 List of abbreviations___________________________________________________10 Introduction: The nature of European Union criminal law___________________11 Preliminary remarks: the scope, approach and context of the dissertation___________13 The historical-legal approach to the study of ECL_____________________________19 The political and institutional context of ECL________________________________22 The argument_________________________________________________________24 The chapters__________________________________________________________26 Chapter 1 The silent birth of European Union criminal law: the pre-Maastricht era (1957-1993) Introduction___________________________________________________________34 1. The EC and criminal law: the neutrality of the early years_____________________35 1.1. The pursuit of EC interests and policies via national criminal law_____________36 1.2. Beyond EC policies and the common market: reaching out against transnational criminality____________________________________________________________43 2. Emergence of a European Union narrative on crime: the 1985 shift_____________46 2.1. An incremental claim: expanding structures and themes_____________________51 2.2. A broader scope: beyond core EC policies _______________________________57 2.3. The birth of organised crime as the motto for the European Union narrative on crime ________________________________________________________________63 2.4. Moving away from the state: concerns over lack of accountability and transparency___________________________________________________________65 Conclusion ___________________________________________________________67 Chapter 2 The Evolution of European Union criminal law during the Maastricht era: shaping Euro-rationales and Euro-crime (1993-1999) Introduction__________________________________________________________68 1. The Treaty of Maastricht and criminal matters: a limited framework for criminal law in the European Union__________________________________________________69 2. Beyond the tools given by the Treaty:police, judicial cooperation and more______76 2.1. Police and judicial cooperation________________________________________76 2.2. Beyond the letra legis of the Treaty: harmonisation of national criminal law____81 6
3. The scope of intervention: the emergence of Euro-rationales and Euro-offences___85 3.1. Organised crime____________________________________________________88 3.1.1. The ancillary use of organised crime as a legal concept____________________94 3.2. Protection of EC interests and policies___________________________________95 4. The idea of Euro-crime_______________________________________________100 Conclusion___________________________________________________________103 Chapter 3 The evolution of European Union criminal law from Amsterdam to Lisbon: an ever expanding dynamic (1999-2009) Introduction__________________________________________________________105 1. Treaty of Amsterdam: expansion and formalisation of the EU’s role in criminal matters _____________________________________________________________107 1.2. A timid empowerment: limitations to the framework created _______________110 2. The new scope of European Union criminal law: Euro-crime and narratives _____113 2.1. Narratives in European Union criminal law: developing old themes, creating new ones________________________________________________________________117 2.1.1. The fight against organised crime____________________________________117 2.1.2. Protection of EC/ EU interests and policies____________________________123 2.1.3. Fundamental rights and the victim on the rise__________________________133 2.2. Beyond Euro-crime and narratives: the ever expanding scope of ECL_________139 3. The features of the new supranationalisation: Lisbon and after________________143 3.1. An open door to more criminal law____________________________________147 Conclusion___________________________________________________________151 Chapter 4 Harmonisation of national criminal law: increasing penal severity across the European Union Introduction__________________________________________________________153 1. The legal framework for harmonisation: the narrow approach of the Treaties_____154 2. Broad definitions of criminal offences___________________________________157 2.1. Increasing criminalisation at national level: the impact of broad definitions of crime_______________________________________________________________166 3. Expanding criminalisation beyond definitions: increasing liable subjects and establishing ‘minimum maximum’ punishment______________________________172 3.1. Expanding liability to legal persons____________________________________172 3.2. A focus on minimum maximum penalties_______________________________175 3.3. Pressure on more lenient systems______________________________________177 4. The limitations of minimum harmonisation in criminal matters: uneven implementation and unpredictable outcomes________________________________178 7
Page 1 and 2: The London School of Economics and
Page 3 and 4: Abstract This thesis addresses the
Page 5: However, the journey of writing thi
Page 9 and 10: 4. The emergence and development of
Page 11 and 12: Introduction: The nature of Europea
Page 13 and 14: This dissertation seeks to advance
Page 15 and 16: account as a reference. Indeed, sev
Page 17 and 18: Whilst the distinctive criteria of
Page 19 and 20: it makes sense to consider the doma
Page 21 and 22: creation of summary offences tried
Page 23 and 24: want to be talking about a simple a
Page 25 and 26: contemporary societies that primari
Page 27 and 28: influence on Member States to intro
Page 29 and 30: But what defines these Euro-crimes
Page 31 and 32: significantly broader range of crim
Page 33 and 34: legal orders that punish more sever
Page 35 and 36: enforcement agencies were keen to e
Page 37 and 38: framed. 98 The principle of direct
Page 39 and 40: obligations were further confirmed
Page 41 and 42: Moreover, other realms of interacti
Page 43 and 44: Hence, the Court, whilst recognisin
Page 45 and 46: for some understanding of the first
Page 47 and 48: “The Commission’s efforts and i
Page 49 and 50: trafficking), and especially about
Page 51 and 52: The central actors in the Trevi fra
Page 53 and 54: justice and home affairs matters un
Page 55 and 56: Likewise, the Programme of Action t
Page 57 and 58:
means to repatriate third country n
Page 59 and 60:
“Each Member State shall take app
Page 61 and 62:
“For that purpose, whilst the cho
Page 63 and 64:
limiting national criminal law, it
Page 65 and 66:
“…synthesis of the arrangements
Page 67 and 68:
of Action relating to the reinforce
Page 69 and 70:
the single market and the consequen
Page 71 and 72:
Rather limited in scope and depth,
Page 73 and 74:
The need for more openness in the w
Page 75 and 76:
not subject to control or enforceme
Page 77 and 78:
the individual. The building of a m
Page 79 and 80:
Initiatives ranged from the creatio
Page 81 and 82:
etween police forces in matters of
Page 83 and 84:
evenue. 298 Along the same lines, t
Page 85 and 86:
identified in the TEU(M) It was see
Page 87 and 88:
esponsible for the formalisation of
Page 89 and 90:
Indeed, already in 1996, organised
Page 91 and 92:
Finally, besides the political and
Page 93 and 94:
particularly those initiatives that
Page 95 and 96:
and drug trafficking, hence giving
Page 97 and 98:
trade. 356 The Court continued by n
Page 99 and 100:
well as the first protocol. 366 The
Page 101 and 102:
crime is a fluid concept, with loos
Page 103 and 104:
means of transport, telecommunicati
Page 105 and 106:
Chapter 3 The evolution of European
Page 107 and 108:
1. Treaty of Amsterdam: expansion a
Page 109 and 110:
positions would be suited to define
Page 111 and 112:
The author noted how it was adopted
Page 113 and 114:
2. The new scope of European Union
Page 115 and 116:
these political declarations, which
Page 117 and 118:
thirty years and epitomises and imp
Page 119 and 120:
phenomenon and of the multifaceted
Page 121 and 122:
within the scope of instruments alr
Page 123 and 124:
Furthermore, the criminalisation of
Page 125 and 126:
interests (in this case the single
Page 127 and 128:
More notably, the most significant
Page 129 and 130:
The Court decided with the Commissi
Page 131 and 132:
Regardless of the Court having plac
Page 133 and 134:
in particular fields, thus solidify
Page 135 and 136:
However, competence to enact legisl
Page 137 and 138:
months) to third-country national v
Page 139 and 140:
derogations); 525 others proposed f
Page 141 and 142:
ecognition of national sentences, p
Page 143 and 144:
2. The features of the new supranat
Page 145 and 146:
criminal matters and, if necessary,
Page 147 and 148:
with a cross border dimension. Ther
Page 149 and 150:
question of ‘why criminal law’,
Page 151 and 152:
e affected by ECL law. 562 This dec
Page 153 and 154:
Chapter 4 Harmonisation of national
Page 155 and 156:
Harmonisation was felt to be necess
Page 157 and 158:
matters. Indeed, the European Union
Page 159 and 160:
This provision portrays a criminal
Page 161 and 162:
“a structured group of three or m
Page 163 and 164:
development is in line with the rea
Page 165 and 166:
economic loss; (e) seizure of aircr
Page 167 and 168:
Framework Decision, which obliged t
Page 169 and 170:
possession, among others. 630 A stu
Page 171 and 172:
Again, the EU’s provision was bro
Page 173 and 174:
liability is a sensitive issue whic
Page 175 and 176:
3.2. A focus on minimum maximum pen
Page 177 and 178:
the threshold demanded by EU law. T
Page 179 and 180:
of ensuring a degree of homogeneity
Page 181 and 182:
Framework Decision on trafficking i
Page 183 and 184:
inging about a harsher criminal law
Page 185 and 186:
extraterritoriality to nothing less
Page 187 and 188:
development of the single market -
Page 189 and 190:
“(… )involves the recognition o
Page 191 and 192:
These changes in extradition across
Page 193 and 194:
arguments against extradition of na
Page 195 and 196:
To be sure, concerns with fundament
Page 197 and 198:
text of the preamble does not amoun
Page 199 and 200:
States should not have to use their
Page 201 and 202:
e partly explained by the fact that
Page 203 and 204:
“Confidence in the application of
Page 205 and 206:
2007, Polish authorities requested
Page 207 and 208:
With these judgements, the Court st
Page 209 and 210:
does not deem the acts in question
Page 211 and 212:
discretion in Title VI TEU(A), one
Page 213 and 214:
Such reasoning led the Court to con
Page 215 and 216:
was committed by a national abroad
Page 217 and 218:
Furthermore, the list of types of o
Page 219 and 220:
“without any further formality be
Page 221 and 222:
An EEW can only be issued with the
Page 223 and 224:
“The competent authorities in the
Page 225 and 226:
prisoners with the view of ‘facil
Page 227 and 228:
The preamble explains this choice b
Page 229 and 230:
3.3.3 Probation and alternative san
Page 231 and 232:
prosecuted elsewhere in the EU. Rat
Page 233 and 234:
of drugs between two Schengen count
Page 235 and 236:
definitely bar further prosecution
Page 237 and 238:
Conclusion The introduction and dev
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 6 Conclusion: Towards a Eur
Page 241 and 242:
Measures adopted along these narrat
Page 243 and 244:
implementation of Union policies. 9
Page 245 and 246:
persons acting together; in the fra
Page 247 and 248:
policies appeared as the main crite
Page 249 and 250:
preceding any legislative proposal,
Page 251 and 252:
suggests that mutual recognition wi
Page 253 and 254:
clear in relation to the EAW. In fa
Page 255 and 256:
It is beyond the scope of this thes
Page 257 and 258:
Furthermore, Article 6 TEU(L) confe
Page 259 and 260:
that may endanger his or her life,
Page 261 and 262:
communication upon arrest 1012 is u
Page 263 and 264:
penal values in the future. Similar
Page 265 and 266:
Member State of execution, irrespec
Page 267 and 268:
as how long the individual concerne
Page 269 and 270:
6. A renewed challenge for coherenc
Page 271 and 272:
Bibliography Books and articles Aba
Page 273 and 274:
Deen-Racsmany, D., “The European
Page 275 and 276:
Hinarejos, A., Spencer, J.R., and P
Page 277 and 278:
Xanthaki (eds) Towards a European C
Page 279 and 280:
Szymanski, J., “Discretionary Pow
Page 281 and 282:
Legislation and other sources by ty
Page 283 and 284:
Council Directive 91/477/EEC of 18
Page 285 and 286:
Joint Action 96/602/ JHA of 14 Dece
Page 287 and 288:
Proposals Portuguese Republic, Init
Page 289 and 290:
supervision order in pre-trial proc
Page 291 and 292:
Council Doc. 9067/06 on the Proposa
Page 293 and 294:
Case C-186/98 Criminal proceedings
Page 295 and 296:
Agreement on the Application betwee
Page 297:
Websites and links http://www.eurow
show all

The evolution of European Union criminal law (1957-2012)

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?