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40 “Programming today is a race between software engineers striving to build bigger and better idiot-proof programs, and the universe trying to produce bigger and better idiots. So far, the universe is winning.” Rich Cook, comedian ©1997 F.M.G. Dörenberg
1 BOOKS BIBLIOGRAPHY F.J. Redmill (ed.): “Dependability of critical computer systems - 1”, 1988, 292 pp., ITP Publ., ISBN 1-85166-203-0 D.P. Siewiorek, R.S. Swarz (eds.): “Reliable computer systems”, 2 nd ed., Digital Press, ‘92, 908 pp., ISBN 1-55558-075-0 M.R. Lyu (ed.): “Software fault tolerance”, Wiley & Sons, ‘95, 337 pp., ISBN 0-471-95068-8 B.W. Johnson: “Design and analysis of fault tolerant systems”, Addision-Wesley, ‘89, 584 pp., ISBN 0-201-07570-9 “25th Anniversary Compendium of Papers from Symposium on Fault Tolerant Computing”, IEEE Comp. Society Press, ‘96, 300 pp., ISBN 0-8186-7150-5 N. Suri, C.J. Walter, M.M. Hugue (eds.): “Advances in ultra-reliable distributed systems”, IEEE Comp. Society Press, ‘95, 476 pp., ISBN 0-8186-6287 M. Pecht (ed.): “Product reliability, maintainability, and supportability handbook”, CRC Press, ‘95, 413 pp., ISBN 0-8493-9457-0 H.E Roland, B. Moriarty: “System safety engineering and management”, 2 nd ed., Wiley & Sons, ‘90, 367 pp., ISBN 0-471-61816-0 G.L. Fuller: "Understanding HIRF - High Intensity Radiated Fields," publ. by Avionics Communications, Inc., Leesburg, VA, 1995, 123 pp., ISBN 1-885544-05-7 J. Curran: “Trends in advanced avionics”, Iowa State Univ. Press, ‘92, 189 pp., ISBN 0-8138-0749-2 J.R. Newport: “Avionic system design”, CRC Press, ‘94, 332 pp., ISBN 0-8493-2465-3 C.R. Spitzer: “Digital Avionics Systems - Principles and Practices”, 2 nd ed., McGraw-Hill, ‘93, 277 pp., ISBN 0-07-060333-2 I.C. Pyle: “Developing safety systems - a guide using Ada”, Prentice Hall, ‘91, 254 pp., ISBN 0-13-204298-3 E.T. Raymond, C.C. Chenoweth: “Aircraft flight control actuation system design”, SAE, ‘93, 270 pp., ISBN 1-56091-376-2 D.T. McRuer, D.E. Johnson: “Flight control systems: properties and problems - Vol. 1 & 2”, 165 pp. & 145 pp., NASA CR-2500 & -2501 D. McRuer, I. Ashkenas, D. Graham: “Aircraft dynamics and automatic control”, Princeton Univ. Press, ‘73, 784 pp., ISBN 0-691-08083-6 J. Roskam: “Airplane flight dynamics and automatic flight controls - Part 1 & 2”, Roskam A&E Corp., 1388 pp., Library of Congress Card No. 78-31382 NATO Advisory Group for Aerospace R&D : “AGARD Advisory Report 274 - Validation of Flight Critical Control Systems”, dec. ‘91, 126 pp., ISBN 92-835-0650-2 C.A. Clarke, W.E. Larsen: “Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility”, feb. ‘85, 155 pp., DOT/FAA/CT-88/10; same as Chapter 11 of Digital Systems Validation Handbook Vol. II R.A. Sahner, K.S. Trivedi, A. Puliafito: “Performance and reliability analysis of computer systems”, Kluwer Academic Publ., 1995, ISBN 0-7923-9650-2 E.L. Wiener, D.C. Nagel (eds.): “Human factors in aviation”, Academic Press, 1988, 684 pp., ISBN 0-12-750031-6 Reliability Analysis Center (RAC) of the DoD Information Analysis Center (1-800-526-4802): “The Reliability Sourcebook 'How and Where to Obtain R&M Data and Information,” RAC Order Code: RDSC-2, periodic updates “Practical Statistical Analysis for the Reliability Engineer,” RAC Order Code: SOAR-2 “RAC Thermal Management Guidebook,” RAC Order Code: RTMG “Developing Reliability Goals/Requirements”, October 1996, 34 pp., RAC Order Code: RBPR-2 “Designing for Reliability”, October 1996, 74 pp., RAC Order Code: RBPR-3 “Measuring Product Reliability”, September 1996, 47 pp., RAC Order Code: RBPR-5 “Reliability Toolkit: Commercial Practices”, RAC Order Code: CPE “Fault Tree Analysis Application Guide", RAC Order Code: FTA “Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis", RAC Order Code: FMECA © 1997 F.M.G. Dörenberg
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Integrated and Modular Systems for
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Integrated and Modular Systems for
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Integrated and Modular Avionics •
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Engine thrust Structure & Gear Comp
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Why change avionics? • Airline/Op
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Operators seek revenue enhancement
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Why change avionics? (cont’d) •
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Why change avionics? (cont’d) •
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Avionics business • high-tech but
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Changing airtransport environment 1
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5000 Pax-km (billions, log-scale) 1
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Billions of 1995 US $ 80 60 40 20 9
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24% 23% 23% 30% 737-300 ($1834/hr)
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Big $ numbers life-time maintenance
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Save now and save later • increas
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Average schedule deviation costs de
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Integrated Modular Avionics Archite
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Fault Avoidance - prevent (by const
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Fault Tolerance Taxonomy Fault Tole
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Redundancy • Attributes: � form
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Basic ways to increase system relia
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1 System Reliability λunit = 5x10-
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Note: log-log scale F (t) 2-out-of-
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System architecture and design deci
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1.0 Rconfig(t) 0.9 0.8 dual Redunda
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Simplex Dual Triplex Quad Dual-Dual
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Integration is necessary because...
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Integration trend: Multi-Mode Recei
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Integration issues • “integrate
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Fault Tolerance for Safety, Reliabi
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Quant. Prob. 1 10-3 10-5 10-7 10-9
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Failure System Condition Design Ass
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Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI)
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Req's for Fault Avoidance (incl. Co
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Standardization issues • “gener
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Resources Hardware Software Standar
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Integration & Modularization • LR
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O/S I/O Maint. BIT Appl. Total CPU
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Effect of integrating additional fu
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assumes integration of related func
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Integration & Modularization • Ot
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German “WW II” radios • Modul
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German “WW II” radios • Recei
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Modular Electronics: Not a New Conc
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Modular Electronics: Not a New Conc
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IMA - Integrated Modular Avionics L
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IMA Level-1 • LRUs re-packaged as
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IMA Level-4 & -5 • Level-4: funct
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Major Areas of Systems Integration
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ATC/ATM FMS Functional Integration
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ATC/ATM FMS Functional Integration
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Integrated Flight & Thrust Control
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Modular Flight Control & Guidance C
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FCGC redundancy management - exampl
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FCGC redundancy management - exampl
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Allie
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Berie
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Kiev
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AlliedSignal h/w AlliedSignal h/w +
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E ARIA-
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minus database flash memory minus D
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Two I
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Hazar
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Hazar
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E 12,00
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E 20 15
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E CFIT
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Terra
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E ref.:
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Pink:
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E ≤
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E IHAS:
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Stick
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Advan
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E $ $$
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E a/c d
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E IHAS
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Parti
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Proce
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Proce
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Backp
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E sets
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Growt
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Fligh
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Unifi
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Typic
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Integ
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E - Com
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Related utilities sub-systems that
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A/C Loads lliedSignal A E R O S P A
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Page 209 and 210: 1 Integrated and Modular Avionics
Page 211 and 212: 3 FANS: Future Air Navigation Syste
Page 213 and 214: 5 Component and System Performance
Page 215 and 216: 7 Component and System Performance
Page 217 and 218: 9 Future ........ (cont’d) • im
Page 219 and 220: 11 150 k ↑ Total airplane signal
Page 221 and 222: 13 100 MB 80 MB 20 MB 10 MB 747-200
Page 223 and 224: 15 System Complexity and Size Typic
Page 225 and 226: 17 Given: Extrapolation ...... •
Page 227 and 228: 19 Enabling technologies - componen
Page 229 and 230: Enabling technologies - drivers for
Page 231 and 232: 23 Enabling technologies - design /
Page 233 and 234: 25 236-pin connector Example: PC mo
Page 235 and 236: 27 Example: integrated X-band power
Page 237 and 238: 29 Cold-Cathode Field Emission Disp
Page 239 and 240: 31 Enabling technologies - componen
Page 241 and 242: 33 Resource Partitioning - part of
Page 243 and 244: 35 Enabling technologies - communic
Page 245 and 246: 37 High Medium Low Enabling technol
Page 247: 39 Enabling technologies � s/w
Page 251 and 252: 3 M.L. Shooman: "A study of occurre
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