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EMC: Electro-Magnetic Compatibility • increased EMI-susceptibility of electronic devices: � integration: higher chip density; (deep) sub-micron feature sizes � reduced operating voltages � lower levels of energy cause upsets • increased reliance on digital computers (for flight-critical functions) that contain EMI-susceptible devices • higher clock speeds: � reduced susceptibility: PCB tracks become transmission lines � but absolute bandwidth for decent signal shapes goes up (≈10xfc) � though bandwidth pushed into range with fewer x-mitters (civil) • continued proliferation of EM transmitters (incl. PEDs), and increase in EM power • reduced inherent Faraday-cage protection: increasing amounts of non-metallic airframe sections ref.: C.A. Clarke, W.E. Larsen: “Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility”, Feb. ‘89, 155 pp., DOT/FAA/CT-88/10; same as Chapt. 11 of Dig. Systems Validation Handbook Vol. II ref.:G.L. Fuller: “Understanding HIRF - High Intensity Radiated Fields”, Avionics Comm. Publ., Leesburg/VA, ‘95, 123 pp., ISBN 1-885544-05-7 64 ref.: M.L. Shooman: “A study of occurrence rates of EMI to aircraft with a focus on HIRF”, Proc. 12th DASC, Seattle/WA, Oct. ‘93, pp. 191-194 ©1995-1997 F.M.G. Dörenberg
Req's for Fault Avoidance (incl. Containment) and Robustness Requirements Taxonomy • Mission • Safety • Reliability • Dispatchability Requirements • Availability • Functionality • Performance • Operational Req's for Fault Tolerance Req's for Redundancy • Fault masking • Fault detection • Fault isolation • Fault recovery • etc. • Maintenance • Cost • Certificability • etc. Req's for Redundancy Management Req's for Integrity Checks 65 ©1995-1997 F.M.G. Dörenberg
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Integrated and Modular Systems for
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Integrated and Modular Systems for
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Integrated and Modular Avionics •
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Engine thrust Structure & Gear Comp
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Why change avionics? • Airline/Op
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Operators seek revenue enhancement
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Why change avionics? (cont’d) •
Page 15 and 16: Why change avionics? (cont’d) •
Page 17 and 18: Avionics business • high-tech but
Page 19 and 20: Changing airtransport environment 1
Page 21 and 22: 5000 Pax-km (billions, log-scale) 1
Page 23 and 24: Billions of 1995 US $ 80 60 40 20 9
Page 25 and 26: 24% 23% 23% 30% 737-300 ($1834/hr)
Page 27 and 28: Big $ numbers life-time maintenance
Page 29 and 30: Save now and save later • increas
Page 31 and 32: Average schedule deviation costs de
Page 33 and 34: Integrated Modular Avionics Archite
Page 35 and 36: Fault Avoidance - prevent (by const
Page 37 and 38: Fault Tolerance Taxonomy Fault Tole
Page 39 and 40: Redundancy • Attributes: � form
Page 41 and 42: Basic ways to increase system relia
Page 43 and 44: 1 System Reliability λunit = 5x10-
Page 45 and 46: Note: log-log scale F (t) 2-out-of-
Page 47 and 48: System architecture and design deci
Page 49 and 50: 1.0 Rconfig(t) 0.9 0.8 dual Redunda
Page 51 and 52: Simplex Dual Triplex Quad Dual-Dual
Page 53 and 54: Integration is necessary because...
Page 55 and 56: Integration trend: Multi-Mode Recei
Page 57 and 58: Integration issues • “integrate
Page 59 and 60: Fault Tolerance for Safety, Reliabi
Page 61 and 62: Quant. Prob. 1 10-3 10-5 10-7 10-9
Page 63 and 64: Failure System Condition Design Ass
Page 65: Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI)
Page 69 and 70: Standardization issues • “gener
Page 71 and 72: Resources Hardware Software Standar
Page 73 and 74: Integration & Modularization • LR
Page 75 and 76: O/S I/O Maint. BIT Appl. Total CPU
Page 77 and 78: Effect of integrating additional fu
Page 79 and 80: assumes integration of related func
Page 81 and 82: Integration & Modularization • Ot
Page 83 and 84: German “WW II” radios • Modul
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Page 87 and 88: Modular Electronics: Not a New Conc
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Page 91 and 92: IMA - Integrated Modular Avionics L
Page 93 and 94: IMA Level-1 • LRUs re-packaged as
Page 95 and 96: IMA Level-4 & -5 • Level-4: funct
Page 97 and 98: Major Areas of Systems Integration
Page 99 and 100: ATC/ATM FMS Functional Integration
Page 101 and 102: ATC/ATM FMS Functional Integration
Page 103 and 104: Integrated Flight & Thrust Control
Page 105 and 106: Modular Flight Control & Guidance C
Page 113 and 114: FCGC redundancy management - exampl
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1 Integrated and Modular Avionics
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3 FANS: Future Air Navigation Syste
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5 Component and System Performance
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7 Component and System Performance
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9 Future ........ (cont’d) • im
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11 150 k ↑ Total airplane signal
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13 100 MB 80 MB 20 MB 10 MB 747-200
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15 System Complexity and Size Typic
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17 Given: Extrapolation ...... •
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19 Enabling technologies - componen
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Enabling technologies - drivers for
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23 Enabling technologies - design /
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25 236-pin connector Example: PC mo
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27 Example: integrated X-band power
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29 Cold-Cathode Field Emission Disp
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31 Enabling technologies - componen
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33 Resource Partitioning - part of
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35 Enabling technologies - communic
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37 High Medium Low Enabling technol
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39 Enabling technologies � s/w
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1 BOOKS BIBLIOGRAPHY F.J. Redmill (
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3 M.L. Shooman: "A study of occurre
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