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Fault Tolerance - the ability of a system to sustain one or more specified faults in a way that is transparent to the operating environment - • achieved by adding & managing redundancy: one or more alternate means to perform a particular function or flight operation • goal: only independent, multiple faults and design errors remain as reasonably possible causes of catastrophic failure conditions • fail-passive, fail-safe, fail-active are fail-intolerant • “fault tolerant” does not imply “highly dependable”, “fault free”, “ignorance tolerant”, or “full/fool proof” ref.: J.H. Lala, R. Harper: “Architectural principles for safety-critical real-time applications”, Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 82, No. 1, Jan. ‘94, pp. 25-40 ref.: D.P. Siewiorek, R.S. Swarz (eds.): “Reliable Computer Systems”, 2nd ed., Digital Press, ‘92, 908 pp., ISBN 1-55558-075-0 ref.: M.R. Lyu (ed.): “Software fault tolerance”, Wiley & Sons, ‘95, 337 pp., ISBN 0-471-95068-8 ref.: F.J. Redmill: “Dependability of critical computer systems - 1”, ITP Publ., ‘88, 292 pp., ISBN 1-85166-203-0 ref.: B.W. Johnson: “Design and Analysis of fault tolerant systems”, Addison-Wesley, ‘89, 584 pp., ISBN 0-201-07570-9 ref.: “25th Anniversary Compendium of Papers from Symposium on Fault Tolerant Computing”, IEEE Comp. Society Press, ‘96, 300 pp., ISBN 0-8186-7150-5 ref.: J.C. Laprie, J. Arlat, C. Beounes, K. Kanoun, C. Hourtolle: “Hardware- and software-fault tolerance: definition and analysis of architectural solutions”, Proc. 17th Symp. on Fault Tolerant Computing, Pittsburg/PA, July ‘87, pp. 116-121
Fault Tolerance Taxonomy Fault Tolerance Redundancy • physical • temporal • data Redundancy Management Static (Fault Masking) Dynamic No fault reaction: • no fault detection • no reconfiguration Fault detection Examples of techniques: Examples of techniques: •interwoven logic • comparison (cross, voter, wrap-around) •hardwired multiple hardware • reasonableness check (rate, range, cross) redundancy • task execution monitor (a.k.a. Watch Dog) •error correcting code • checksum, parity, error detection code •majority voting (N-modular • diagnostic and built-in tests redundancy) Active • Similar • Dissimilar • adaptive voting & signal select • dynamic task reallocation • graceful degradation • n-parallel, k-out-of-n • s/w recovery (retry, rollback) • operational-mode switching Fault isolation & Reconfiguration Standby Examples of techniques: Examples of techniques: Hybrid Example of techniques: • pooled spares switch-in backup spare(s) • operating (hot, shadow) • non-operating (cold, flexed) 35 ©1995-1997 F.M.G. Dörenberg
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Page 5 and 6: Integrated and Modular Avionics •
Page 7 and 8: Engine thrust Structure & Gear Comp
Page 9 and 10: Why change avionics? • Airline/Op
Page 11 and 12: Operators seek revenue enhancement
Page 13 and 14: Why change avionics? (cont’d) •
Page 15 and 16: Why change avionics? (cont’d) •
Page 17 and 18: Avionics business • high-tech but
Page 19 and 20: Changing airtransport environment 1
Page 21 and 22: 5000 Pax-km (billions, log-scale) 1
Page 23 and 24: Billions of 1995 US $ 80 60 40 20 9
Page 25 and 26: 24% 23% 23% 30% 737-300 ($1834/hr)
Page 27 and 28: Big $ numbers life-time maintenance
Page 29 and 30: Save now and save later • increas
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Page 33 and 34: Integrated Modular Avionics Archite
Page 35: Fault Avoidance - prevent (by const
Page 39 and 40: Redundancy • Attributes: � form
Page 41 and 42: Basic ways to increase system relia
Page 43 and 44: 1 System Reliability λunit = 5x10-
Page 45 and 46: Note: log-log scale F (t) 2-out-of-
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Modular Electronics: Not a New Conc
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Modular Electronics: Not a New Conc
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IMA - Integrated Modular Avionics L
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IMA Level-4 & -5 • Level-4: funct
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Major Areas of Systems Integration
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ATC/ATM FMS Functional Integration
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ATC/ATM FMS Functional Integration
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Integrated Flight & Thrust Control
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Modular Flight Control & Guidance C
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FCGC redundancy management - exampl
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FCGC redundancy management - exampl
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1 Integrated and Modular Avionics
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3 FANS: Future Air Navigation Syste
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5 Component and System Performance
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7 Component and System Performance
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9 Future ........ (cont’d) • im
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11 150 k ↑ Total airplane signal
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13 100 MB 80 MB 20 MB 10 MB 747-200
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15 System Complexity and Size Typic
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17 Given: Extrapolation ...... •
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19 Enabling technologies - componen
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Enabling technologies - drivers for
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23 Enabling technologies - design /
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25 236-pin connector Example: PC mo
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27 Example: integrated X-band power
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29 Cold-Cathode Field Emission Disp
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31 Enabling technologies - componen
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33 Resource Partitioning - part of
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35 Enabling technologies - communic
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37 High Medium Low Enabling technol
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39 Enabling technologies � s/w
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1 BOOKS BIBLIOGRAPHY F.J. Redmill (
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3 M.L. Shooman: "A study of occurre
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