Integrated and Modular Systems for Commercial ... - Nonstop Systems

Note: log-log scale
F (t)
2-out-of-N
(t)
F 2-out-of-2
Parallel redundancy for system reliability
0
10 = 1
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
N=2
N=4
N=3
F2-out-of-2 = 1
F
2-out-of-2
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10
- adding redundancy is only effective for t