Integrated and Modular Systems for Commercial ... - Nonstop Systems

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2 ARTICLES (referenced in presentation slides) A.D. Welliver: “Higher-order technology: adding value to an airplane,” Boeing publ., presented to Royal Aeronautical Society, London, Nov. 1991 Anon.:“Is new technology friend or foe?” editorial, Aerospace World, April 1992, pp. 33-35 B. Fitzsimmons: “Better value from integrated avionics?” Interavia Aerospace World, Aug. 1993, pp. 32-36 ICARUS Committee: “The dollars and sense of risk management and airline safety”, Flight Safety Digest, Dec. ‘94, pp. 1-6 P. Parry: “Who’ll survive in the aerospace supply sector?”, Interavia, March ‘94, pp. 22-24 R. Ropelewski, M. Taverna: “What drives the development of new avionics?”, Interavia, Dec. ‘94, pp. 14-18, Jan. ‘95, pp. 17-18 A. Smith: “Cost and benefits of implementing the new CNS/ATM systems”, ICAO Journal, Jan/Feb ‘96, pp. 12-15, 24 K. O’Toole: “Cycles in the sky”, Flight In’l, 3-9 July 1996, p. 24 C.A. Shifrin: “FAA paints upbeat air travel picture”, AW&ST, March 11 ‘96, pp. 30-31 J. Moxon: “Outrageous ATC charges anger European regional”, Flight Int’l, 23-29 Oct 1996, p. 12 P. Condom: “Is outsourcing the winning solution?” Interavia Aerospace World, Aug. 1993, pp. 34-36 Anon.: “The guide to airline costs”, Aircraft Technology Engineering & Maintenance, Oct/Nov ‘95, pp. 50-58 C.T. Leonard: “How mechanical engineering issues affect avionics design”, Proc. IEEE NAECON, Dayton/OH, ‘89, pp. 2043-2049 B. Rankin, J. Allen: “Maintenance Error Decision Aid”, Boeing Airliner, April-June ‘96, pp. 20-27 P. Gartz, “Systems Engineering,” tutorial at 13th & 14th AIAA/IEEE DASC C. Spitzer, “Digital Avionics - an International Perspective,” IEEE AES Magazine, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan. ‘92, pp. 44-45 T.H. Robinson , R. Farmer, E. Trujillo: “Integrated Processing,” presented at 14th AIAA/IEEE DASC, Boston/MA, Nov. 1995 L.J. Yount, K.A. Kiebel, B.H. Hill: “Fault effect protection and partitioning for fly-by-wire/fly-by-light avionics systems”, Proc. 5th AIAA/IEEE Computers in Aerospace Conf., Long Beach/CA, ‘85, 10 pp. D. Prasad, J. McDermid, I. Wand: “Dependability terminology: similarities and differences”, IEEE AES Magazine, Jan. ‘96, pp. 14-20 A. Avizienis, J.-C. Laprie: “Dependable computing: from concepts to design diversity”, Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 74, No. 5, May ‘86, pp. 629-638 J.H. Lala, R. Harper: “Architectural principles for safety-critical real-time applications”, Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 82, No. 1, Jan. ‘94, pp. 25-40 J.-C. Laprie, J. Arlat, C. Beounes, K. Kanoun, C. Hourtolle: “Hardware- and software-fault tolerance: definition and analysis of architectural solutions”, Proc. 17th Symp. on Fault Tolerant Computing, Pittsburg/PA, July ‘87, pp. 116-21 J.F. Meredith: "Fault Tolerance as a Means of Achieving Extended Maintenance Operation," Proc. 1994 ERA Avionics Conf. and Exhib. "Systems Integration - is the sky the limit?", London, Nov./Dec. 1994, pp. 11.8.1-11.8.9, ERA Report 94-0973 F. Wang, K. Ramamritham: “Determining the redundancy levels for fault tolerant real-time systems”, IEEE Trans. on Computers, Vol. 44, No. 2, Feb. ‘95, pp. 292-301 P.S. Babcock: "An introduction to reliability modeling of fault-tolerant systems," Charles Stark Draper Lab. Report CSDL-R-1899 J. Rushby: “Critical system properties: survey and taxonomy”, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 43, 1994, pp. 189-219 M. McElvany Hugue: “Fault Type Enumeration and Classification”, ONR-910915-MCM-TR9105, 26 pp. J.B. Bowles: “A survey of reliability-prediction procedures for microelectronic devices”, IEEE Trans. on Reliability, Vol. 41, No. 1, March ‘92, pp. 2-12 S.F. Morris: “Use and Application of MIL-HDBK-217”, J. of the IES, Nov/Dec ‘90, pp. 40-46 D. McRuer, D. Graham: “Eighty years of flight control: Triumphs and Pitfalls of the Systems Approach”, J. Guidance and Control, Vol. 4, No. 4, Jul/Aug ‘81, pp. 353-362 R.W. Butler, G.B. Finelli: “The infeasibility of Quantifying the Reliability of Life-Critical Real-Time Software”, IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, Vol. SE-19, No. 1, Jan. ‘93, pp. 3-12 P. Seidenman, D. Spanovich: “Building a better black box”, Aviation Equipment Maintenance, Feb. ‘95, pp. 34-36 M. Doring: “Measuring the cost of dependability”, Boeing Airliner Magazine, July-Sept 1994, pp. 21-25 D. Galler, G. Slenski: “Causes of electrical failures”, IEEE AES Systems Magazine, Aug. ‘91, pp. 3-8 P. Gartz: “Trends in avionics systems architecture”, presented at the 9th DASC, Virginia Beach/VA, Oct. ‘90, 23 pp. M. Lambert: “Maintenance-free avionics offered to airlines”, Interavia, Oct. ‘88, pp. 1088-1089 © 1997 F.M.G. Dörenberg
3 M.L. Shooman: "A study of occurrence rates of EMI to aircraft with a focus on HIRF," Proc. 12th DASC, Seattle/WA, October 1993, pp. 191-194 W. Reynish: “Three systems, One standard?”, Avionics Magazine, Sept. ‘95, pp. 26-28 D. Hughes: “USAF, GEC-Marconi test ILS/MLS/GPS receiver”, AW&ST, Dec. 4 ‘95, pp. 96 R.S. Prill, R. Minarik: “Programmable digital radio common module prototypr”, Proc. 13th DASC, Phoenix/AZ, Nov. ‘94, pp. 563-567 B.D. Nordwall: “HIRF threat to digital avionics less than expected”, AW&ST, Feb. 14, ‘94, pp. 52-54 M.J. Morgan: “Integrated modular avionics for next-generation commercial aircraft”, IEEE AES Systems Magazine, Aug. ‘91, pp. 9-12 D.C. Hart: “A Primer on IMA”, Avionics, April 1994, pp. 30-41 D.C. Hart: “Integrated Modular Avionics - Part I - V” Avionics, May 1991, pp. 28-40, November 1991, pp. 25-29 D. Rollema: “German WW II Communications Receivers - Technical Perfection from a Nearby Past”, Part 1-3, CQ, Aug/Oct 1980, May 1981 A.O. Bauer: “Receiver and transmitter development in Germany 1920-1945”, presented at IEE Int’l Conf. on 100 Years Radio, London/UK, Sept. ‘95. H.-J. Ellissen: “Funk- u. Bordsprechanlagen in Pantzerfahrzeugen”, Die deutschen Funknachrichtenanlagen bis 1945, Band 3”, Molitor Verlag, ‘91, ISBN-3-928388-01-0 R.J. Stafford: “IMA cost and design issues”, Proc. ERA Avionics Conf., London/UK, Dec. ‘92, pp. 1.4.1-1.4.9 P.J. Prisaznuk: “Integrated Modular Avionics”, proc. IEEE NAECON-92, Dayton/OH, May 1992, pp. 39-45 J.R. Todd: “Integrating controls and avionics on commercial aircraft”, proc. IEEE NAECON-92, Dayton/OH, May 1992, pp. 46-62 R. Little: “Advanced avionics for military needs”, Computing & Control Engineering Journal, January 1991, pp. 29-34 R.D. Trowern: “Designing an Inflight Entertainment System”, Avionics Magazine, Oct. ‘94, pp. 46-49 D. Hughes, M.A. Dornheim: “United DC-10 crash in Sioux City, Iowa”, AW&ST, July 24, ‘89, pp. 96-97 M.A. Dornheim: “Throttles land “disabled” jet”, AW&ST, Sept. 4, ‘95, pp. 26-27 B.T. Devlin, R.D. Girts: “MD-11 Automatic Flight System”, Proc. 11th DASC, Oct. ‘92, pp. 174-177; also: IEEE AES Magazine, March ‘93, pp. 53-56 E. Kolano: “Fly by fire”, Flight International, Dec. 20, ‘95, pp. 26-29 G. Norris: “Boeing may use propulsion control on 747-500/600X”, Flight Int’l, 2-8 Oct ‘96, p. 4 Anon.: “Engine nozzle design - a variable feast?”, Aircraft Technology Engineering & Maintenance, Oct/Nov ‘95, pp. 10-11 B. Gal-Or: “Civilizing military thrust vectoring flight control”, Aerospace America, April ‘96, pp. 20-21 D. Brière, P. Traverse: “Airbus A320/330/340 electrical flight controls - a familiy of fault tolerant systems”, Proc. 23rd FTCS, Toulouse/F, June ‘93, pp. 616-23 R.J. Bleeg: "Commercial JetTransport Fly-By-Wire Architecture Considerations," Proc. AIAA/IEEE 8th DASC, San Jose/CA, October 1988, pp. 309-406 R. Reichel: “Modular flight control and guidance computer”, Proc. 6th ERA Avionics Conf., London/UK, Dec. ‘92, 9 pp. K.R. Dilks: “Modernization of the Russian Air Traffic Control/ Air Traffic Management System”, Journal of Air Traffic Control, Jan/Mar ‘94, pp. 8-15 V.G. Afanasiev: “The business opportunities in Russia: the new Aeroflot - Russian international airlines”, presented at 2nd Annual Aerospace-Aviation Executive Symp., Arlington/VA, Nov. ‘94, 5 pp F. Dörenberg, L. LaForge: “An Overview of AlliedSignal’s Avionics Development in the CIS“, IEEE AES Systems Magazine, Feb. ‘95, pp. 8-12. S.L. Pelton, K.D. Scarbrough: “Boeing systems engineering experiences from the 777 AIMS program”, presented at 14th AIAA/IEEE DASC, Boston/MA, Nov. 1995, 10 pp. D. Parry: “Electrical Load Management for the 777”, Avionics Magazine, Feb. ‘95, pp. 36-38 Anon.: “Avionics on the Boeing 777, Part 1-11”, Airline Avionics, May ‘94 - June ‘95 M.D.W. McIntyre, C.A. Gosset: “The Boeing 777 fault tolerant air data inertial reference system ”, Proc. 14th DASC, Boston/MA, Nov. ‘95, pp. 178-183 G. Bartley: “Model 777 primary flight control system”, Boeing Airliner Magazine, Oct/Dec ‘94, pp. 7-17 R.R. Hornish: “777 autopilot flight director system”, Proc. 13th DASC, Phoenix/AZ, Nov. ‘94, pp. 151-156 C.J. Walter, R.M. Kieckhafer, A.M. Finn: “MAFT: a Multicomputer Architecture for Fault-Tolerance in Real-Time Control Systems”, Proc. IEEE Real Time Systems Symp., San Diego/CA, Dec. ‘85, 8 pp. C.J. Walter: “MAFT: an architecture for reliable fly-by-wire flight control”, proc. 8th DASC, San Jose/CA, Oct. ‘88, pp. 415-421 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, M. Pease: “The Byzantine Generals Problem”, ACM Trans. on Programming Languages & Systems, Vol. 4, No. 3, July ‘82, pp. 382-401 M. Barborak, M. Malek, A. Dahbura: “The Consensus Problem in Fault-Tolerant Computing”, ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 25, No. 2, June ‘93, pp. 171-220 J.A. Donoghue: “Toward integrating safety”, Air Transport World, Nov. ‘95, pp. 98-99 D. Carbaugh, S. Cooper: “Avoiding Controlled Flight Into Terrain”, Boeing Airliner, April-June ‘96, pp. 1-11 M. Slater: “The microprocessor today”, IEEE Micro, Dec. 1996, pp. 32-44 D. Hildebrand: “Memory protection in embedded systems”, Embedded Systems Programming, Dec. 1996, pp. 72-76 D. Esler: “Trend monitoring comes of age”, Business & Commercial Aviation, July ‘95, pp. 70-75 C.A. Shifrin: “Aviation safety takes center stage worldwide”, AW & ST, 4 Nov ‘96, pp. 46-48 © 1997 F.M.G. Dörenberg
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Integrated and Modular Systems for
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Integrated and Modular Systems for
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Integrated and Modular Avionics •
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Engine thrust Structure & Gear Comp
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Why change avionics? • Airline/Op
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Operators seek revenue enhancement
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Why change avionics? (cont’d) •
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Why change avionics? (cont’d) •
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Avionics business • high-tech but
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Changing airtransport environment 1
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5000 Pax-km (billions, log-scale) 1
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Billions of 1995 US $ 80 60 40 20 9
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24% 23% 23% 30% 737-300 ($1834/hr)
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Big $ numbers life-time maintenance
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Save now and save later • increas
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Average schedule deviation costs de
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Integrated Modular Avionics Archite
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Fault Avoidance - prevent (by const
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Fault Tolerance Taxonomy Fault Tole
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Redundancy • Attributes: � form
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Basic ways to increase system relia
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1 System Reliability λunit = 5x10-
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Note: log-log scale F (t) 2-out-of-
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System architecture and design deci
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1.0 Rconfig(t) 0.9 0.8 dual Redunda
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Simplex Dual Triplex Quad Dual-Dual
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Integration is necessary because...
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Integration trend: Multi-Mode Recei
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Integration issues • “integrate
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Fault Tolerance for Safety, Reliabi
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Quant. Prob. 1 10-3 10-5 10-7 10-9
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Failure System Condition Design Ass
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Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI)
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Req's for Fault Avoidance (incl. Co
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Standardization issues • “gener
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Resources Hardware Software Standar
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Integration & Modularization • LR
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O/S I/O Maint. BIT Appl. Total CPU
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Effect of integrating additional fu
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assumes integration of related func
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Integration & Modularization • Ot
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German “WW II” radios • Modul
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German “WW II” radios • Recei
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Modular Electronics: Not a New Conc
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Modular Electronics: Not a New Conc
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IMA - Integrated Modular Avionics L
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IMA Level-1 • LRUs re-packaged as
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IMA Level-4 & -5 • Level-4: funct
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Major Areas of Systems Integration
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ATC/ATM FMS Functional Integration
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ATC/ATM FMS Functional Integration
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Integrated Flight & Thrust Control
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Modular Flight Control & Guidance C
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FCGC redundancy management - exampl
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FCGC redundancy management - exampl
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Allie
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lliedSignal A E R O S P A C E Kiev
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Page 209 and 210: 1 Integrated and Modular Avionics
Page 211 and 212: 3 FANS: Future Air Navigation Syste
Page 213 and 214: 5 Component and System Performance
Page 215 and 216: 7 Component and System Performance
Page 217 and 218: 9 Future ........ (cont’d) • im
Page 219 and 220: 11 150 k ↑ Total airplane signal
Page 221 and 222: 13 100 MB 80 MB 20 MB 10 MB 747-200
Page 223 and 224: 15 System Complexity and Size Typic
Page 225 and 226: 17 Given: Extrapolation ...... •
Page 227 and 228: 19 Enabling technologies - componen
Page 229 and 230: Enabling technologies - drivers for
Page 231 and 232: 23 Enabling technologies - design /
Page 233 and 234: 25 236-pin connector Example: PC mo
Page 235 and 236: 27 Example: integrated X-band power
Page 237 and 238: 29 Cold-Cathode Field Emission Disp
Page 239 and 240: 31 Enabling technologies - componen
Page 241 and 242: 33 Resource Partitioning - part of
Page 243 and 244: 35 Enabling technologies - communic
Page 245 and 246: 37 High Medium Low Enabling technol
Page 247 and 248: 39 Enabling technologies � s/w
Page 249: 1 BOOKS BIBLIOGRAPHY F.J. Redmill (
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