Night noise guidelines for Europe - WHO/Europe - World Health ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

VIII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Torbjörn Åkerstedt Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden (Main contributor to Ch. 2) Wolfgang Babisch Federal Environmental Agency Berlin, Germany (Main contributor to Ch. 4) Anna Bäckman European Environment Agency Copenhagen, Denmark Jacques Beaumont Institute National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité Bron, France Martin van den Berg Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Ministry VROM) Den Haag, Netherlands (Technical editing of the entire text) Marie Louise Bistrup National Institute of Public Health Copenhagen, Denmark Hans Bögli Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft Bern, Switzerland Dick Botteldooren INTEC, University of Ghent Gent, Belgium Rudolf Brüggemann Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit Bonn, Germany Oliviero Bruni Sapienza University of Rome Roma, Italy (Main contributor to Ch. 2) David Delcampe European Commission DG Environment Brussels, Belgium Ivanka Gale Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Jeff Gazzard Greenskies London, United Kingdom Nicolas Grénetier Sous direction de la gestion des risques des milieux Paris, France Colin Grimwood Bureau Veritas London, United Kingdom Leja Dolenc Groselj Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia (Main contributor to Ch. 2) Health Council of the Netherlands Hague, Netherlands (Main contributor to Ch. 4) Danny Houthuijs National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven, Netherlands Staffan Hygge University of Gävle Gävle, Sweden (Main contributor to Ch. 4) Hartmut Ising Falkensee, Germany (Main contributor to Appendix 3) Tanja Janneke Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment (Ministry VROM) Den Haag, Netherlands Snezana Jovanovic Landesgesundheitsamt Baden- Württemberg Stuttgart, Germany (Main contributor to Ch. 2) André Kahn Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles, Belgium (Main contributor to Ch. 2, Appendix 4) Stylianos Kephalopoulos European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra, Italy Anne Knol National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven, Netherlands Peter Lercher University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria João de Quinhones Levy Higher Technical Institute Lisbon, Portugal Gaetano Licitra Environmental Protection Agency - Tuscany Region Pisa, Italy Christian Maschke Forschungs- und Beratungsbüro Maschke Berlin, Germany Matthias Mather Deutsche Bahn AG Berlin, Germany David Michaud Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Ottawa, Canada H.M.E. Miedema TNO – Inro (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) Delft, Netherlands (Main contributor to Ch. 3) Ruedi Müller-Wenk Universität St. Gallen St. Gallen, Switzerland (Main contributor to Ch. 4) Alain Muzet Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Centre d’Études de Physiologie Appliquée (CNRS-CEPA) Strasbourg, France (Main contributor to Ch. 3) Soña Nevsimalova Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic (Main contributor to Ch. 2) Nina Renshaw European Federation for Transport and Environment Brussels, Belgium Michal Skalski University of Warsaw Clinic of Psychiatry of the Medical Academy Warsaw, Poland (Main contributor to Ch. 4) Stephen Stansfeld Queen Mary University of London London, United Kingdom David Tompkins European Express Association Hants, United Kingdom (Main contributor to Ch. 4) WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Regional Office for Europe European Centre for Environment and Health Bonn, Germany Xavier Bonnefoy (Project leader until July 2006) Rokho Kim (Project leader since August 2006) Célia Rodrigues (Technical officer until April 2006) Nuria Aznar (Secretariat until October 2006) Deepika Sachdeva (Secretariat since November 2006)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IX INTRODUCTION The aim of this document is to present the conclusions of the WHO working group responsible for preparing guidelines for exposure to noise during sleep. This document can be seen as an extension of the WHO Guidelines for community noise (1999). The need for “health-based” guidelines originated in part from the European Union Directive 2002/49/EC relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise (commonly known as the Environmental Noise Directive and abbreviated as END) which compels European Union Member States to produce noise maps and data about night exposure from mid-2007. The work was made possible by a grant from the European Commission and contributions from the Swiss and German governments. Although a number of countries do have legislation directed at controlling night noise exposure, there is little information on actual exposure and its subsequent effects on the population. Estimates made in some countries of the number of people highly disturbed by noise during sleep (see Fig. 1 for the Netherlands as an example) indicate that a substantial part of the population could be exposed to levels that might risk their health and well-being. Percentage of population 30 Year 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0TOTAL Total Road traffic Neighbours Air traffic Recreation 1998 2003 Rail traffic Industry Construction Fig. 1. Percentage of population highly disturbed by noise during sleep in the Netherlands: survey results for 1998 and 2003 As direct evidence concerning the effects of night noise on health is rarely available, these guidelines also use indirect evidence: the effects of noise on sleep and the relations between sleep and health. The advantage of this approach is that a lot of medical evidence is available on the relation between sleep and health, and detailed information also exists on sleep disturbance by noise.
Page 1: NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
Page 4 and 5: Keywords NOISE - ADVERSE EFFECTS -
Page 6 and 7: IV CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 EFFECTS OF NI
Page 8 and 9: VI ABSTRACT The WHO Regional Office
Page 12 and 13: X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PROCESS OF DEVE
Page 14 and 15: XII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An example of
Page 16 and 17: XIV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Effect Indica
Page 18 and 19: XVI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 50 100 Fig. 4
Page 20 and 21: XVIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY For the pri
Page 22 and 23: 2 METHODS AND CRITERIA impact on th
Page 24 and 25: 4 METHODS AND CRITERIA ITALY: NETHE
Page 26 and 27: 6 METHODS AND CRITERIA There are im
Page 28 and 29: 8 METHODS AND CRITERIA use and heal
Page 30 and 31: 10 METHODS AND CRITERIA L night = L
Page 32 and 33: 12 METHODS AND CRITERIA 1.3.6 BACKG
Page 34 and 35: 14 METHODS AND CRITERIA Fig. 1.8 sh
Page 36 and 37: 16 SLEEP AND HEALTH • Stage 2 req
Page 38 and 39: 18 SLEEP AND HEALTH Table 2.3 Mean
Page 40 and 41: 20 SLEEP AND HEALTH vegetative, mot
Page 42 and 43: 22 SLEEP AND HEALTH mal range. The
Page 44 and 45: 24 SLEEP AND HEALTH Type Behavioura
Page 46 and 47: 26 SLEEP AND HEALTH sible beyond th
Page 48 and 49: 28 SLEEP AND HEALTH Early reports d
Page 50 and 51: 30 SLEEP AND HEALTH ents’ reports
Page 52 and 53: 32 SLEEP AND HEALTH Although cortic
Page 54 and 55: 34 SLEEP AND HEALTH causal relation
Page 56 and 57: 36 SLEEP AND HEALTH cardiovascular
Page 58 and 59: 38 SLEEP AND HEALTH So do fatigue-r
Page 60 and 61:
40 SLEEP AND HEALTH ers that the ag
Page 62 and 63:
42 SLEEP AND HEALTH 2.5 ANIMAL STUD
Page 64 and 65:
NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
Page 66 and 67:
46 EFFECTS ON SLEEP ing sleep stage
Page 68 and 69:
48 EFFECTS ON SLEEP sleep time can
Page 70 and 71:
50 EFFECTS ON SLEEP the instantaneo
Page 72 and 73:
52 EFFECTS ON SLEEP Table 3.1. Coef
Page 74 and 75:
54 EFFECTS ON SLEEP motility have b
Page 76 and 77:
NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
Page 78 and 79:
58 EFFECTS ON HEALTH for aircraft:
Page 80 and 81:
60 EFFECTS ON HEALTH acoustic and n
Page 82 and 83:
62 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Noise Exposure
Page 84 and 85:
64 EFFECTS ON HEALTH commonly accep
Page 86 and 87:
66 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Regarding mean
Page 88 and 89:
68 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 1992). The rel
Page 90 and 91:
70 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Regarding airc
Page 92 and 93:
72 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.10 DOSE-RE
Page 94 and 95:
74 EFFECTS ON HEALTH larger increas
Page 96 and 97:
76 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.14 RISK EV
Page 98 and 99:
78 EFFECTS ON HEALTH No particular
Page 100 and 101:
80 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Research into
Page 102 and 103:
82 EFFECTS ON HEALTH tle direct res
Page 104 and 105:
84 EFFECTS ON HEALTH level of expos
Page 106 and 107:
86 EFFECTS ON HEALTH lage newly exp
Page 108 and 109:
88 EFFECTS ON HEALTH ting the stres
Page 110 and 111:
90 EFFECTS ON HEALTH In a United Ki
Page 112 and 113:
92 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.8.14 ASSOCIA
Page 114 and 115:
94 EFFECTS ON HEALTH noise-related
Page 116 and 117:
96 EFFECTS ON HEALTH have had exper
Page 118 and 119:
98 EFFECTS ON HEALTH • number of
Page 120 and 121:
100 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Furthermore,
Page 122 and 123:
102 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
112 Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T (1999).
Page 134 and 135:
114 Bistrup ML (2003). Prevention o
Page 136 and 137:
116 Cartwright J, Flindell I (2000)
Page 138 and 139:
118 der Streßforschung (Bonner Ver
Page 140 and 141:
120 Goto K, Kaneko T (2002). Distri
Page 142 and 143:
122 Ishihara K (1999). The effect o
Page 144 and 145:
124 Kogi K, Ohta T (1975). Incidenc
Page 146 and 147:
126 Marth E et al. (1988). Fluglär
Page 148 and 149:
128 Nieminen P et al. (2002). Growt
Page 150 and 151:
130 Reyner et al. (1995). Patterns
Page 152 and 153:
132 Suter AH (1992). Noise sources
Page 154 and 155:
134 Weed DL (2000). Interpreting ep
Page 156 and 157:
136 APPENDICES Term/acronym Definit
Page 158 and 159:
138 APPENDICES APPENDIX 3. ANIMAL S
Page 160 and 161:
140 APPENDICES cause a certain habi
Page 162 and 163:
142 APPENDICES • Acute exposure t
Page 164 and 165:
144 APPENDICES dence indicate that
Page 166 and 167:
146 APPENDICES Fig.1 Effects of 12
Page 168 and 169:
) 148 APPENDICES 50 40 Young rats O
Page 170 and 171:
150 APPENDICES neuronal degeneratio
Page 172 and 173:
152 Gesi M et al. (2002a). Morpholo
Page 174 and 175:
154 APPENDIX 4. NOISE AND SLEEP IN
Page 176 and 177:
156 APPENDICES during quiet sleep (
Page 178 and 179:
158 APPENDICES (American Academy of
Page 180 and 181:
160 APPENDICES cents, 12.2% of adol
Page 182 and 183:
162 REFERENCES Abel SM (1990). The
Page 184:
The WHO Regional Office for Europe
show all

Night noise guidelines for Europe - WHO/Europe - World Health ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?