Night noise guidelines for Europe - WHO/Europe - World Health ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

18 SLEEP AND HEALTH Table 2.3 Mean sleep latency Source: Ebersole and Pedley, 2003. Group MSLT (min) No REM SO 1 REM SO 2 or more (% of group) (% of group) REM SO (% of group) Narcoleptics 2.9 ± 2.7 2 2 96 EDS (nonnarcoleptic, 8.7 ± 4.9 92 8 0 non-sleep apnoeic) Controls 13.4 ± 4.3 100 0 0 2.1.2 DEFINITIONS OF DISTURBED SLEEP Sleep disorders are described and classified in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005). When sleep is permanently disturbed and becomes a sleep disorder, it is classified in the ICSD 2005 as “environmental sleep disorder”. Environmental sleep disorder (of which noise-induced sleep disturbance is an example) is a sleep disturbance due to a disturbing environmental factor that causes a complaint of either insomnia or daytime fatigue and somnolence. Secondary deficits may result, including deficits in concentration, attention and cognitive performance, reduced vigilance, daytime fatigue, malaise, depressed mood and irritability. The exact prevalence is not known. Fewer than 5% of patients seen at sleep disorder centres receive this diagnosis. The sex ratio is not known. The disorder may occur at any age, although the elderly are at more risk for developing this condition (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005). 2.1.2.1 Insomnia In the ICSD 2005 the section on insomnia includes a group of sleep disorders all of which have in common the complaint of insomnia (adjustment insomnia, psychophysiological insomnia, paradoxical insomnia, idiopathic insomnia, etc.), defined as repeated difficulty with sleep initiation, duration, consolidation or quality that occurs despite adequate time and opportunity for sleep and results in some form of daytime impairment. Insomnia is a symptom that often arises from primary medical illness, mental disorders and other sleep disorders, but may also arise from abuse or exposure. However, the general criteria for insomnia are the same for all subgroups of insomnias. 2.1.2.2 General criteria for insomnia A. A complaint is made concerning difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, waking up too early or sleep that is chronically non-restorative or poor in quality. In children, the sleep difficulty is often reported by the carer and may consist of observed bedtime resistance or inability to sleep independently. B. The above sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate opportunity and circumstances for sleep. C. At least one of the following forms of daytime impairment related to the nighttime sleep difficulty is reported by the patient: • fatigue or malaise • attention, concentration, or memory impairment • social or vocational dysfunction or poor school performance • mood disturbance or irritability NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
SLEEP AND HEALTH 19 • daytime sleepiness • motivation, energy, or initiative reduction • proneness to errors or accidents at work or while driving • tension, headaches, or gastrointestinal symptoms in response to sleep loss • concerns or worries about sleep. Defining the cause of a sleep/wake disturbance in an insomnia patient is a complex task since it is often multifactorial. In fact, a confluence of factors that support multiple insomnia diagnoses may be judged important in many patients with insomnia. Although selection of a single diagnosis is preferable and this selection may be appropriate, such a selection should not necessarily imply the absence of a subset of factors relevant to an alternate diagnosis. When criteria for multiple insomnia diagnosis are met, all relevant diagnosis should be assigned. 2.1.2.3 Environmental sleep disorder In the ICSD 2005, environmental sleep disorder is listed in the category of “other sleep disorders”. Noise-induced sleep disturbance is one of the disturbing environmental factors that cause a complaint of either insomnia or daytime fatigue and somnolence. The diagnostic criteria for environmental sleep disorder are the following. A. The patient complains of insomnia, daytime fatigue or a parasomnia. In cases where daytime fatigue is present, the daytime fatigue may occur as a result of the accompanying insomnia or as a result of poor quality of nocturnal sleep. B. The complaint is temporally associated with the introduction of a physically measurable stimulus or environmental circumstance that disturbs sleep. C. It is the physical properties, rather than the psychological meaning of the environmental factor, that accounts for the complaint. D. The sleep disturbance is not better explained by another sleep disorder, medical or neurological disorder, mental disorder, medication use or substance use disorder. The prevalence of environmental sleep disorder is not known. Fewer than 5% of patients seen at sleep disorder centres receive this diagnosis. International standardization and quantification for measurement of the depth of sleep is based on Rechtschaffen and Kales criteria from 1968. Sleep is divided into 30-second epochs, and a phase is only assessed if the specific features are evident for more than 50% of the epoch length. For example, wakefulness is scored when at least 15 seconds of continuous awakening is present. Arousal reactions not leading to macroscopic awakening were not included in the definition by Rechtschaffen and Kales. With the arousals as described by the American Sleep Disorders Association (1992) it is possible to display subvigilant sleep fragmentation, caused by intrinsic sensory and autonomic alarm reactions. An arousal index providing the arousal density (events per hour of sleep) was taken as a measure of the degree of severity. In one hour, 10–20 arousals are considered as normal in healthy adults. However, the use of EEG arousals with the American Sleep Disorders Association definition provides no sufficient explanation of daytime sleepiness (Ali, Pitson and Stradling 1996; Ayas et al., 2001) unless they are accompanied by vegetative arousals. Regarding noise, different vigilance level assessments in various functional systems are important. Dumont, Montplaisir and Infante-Rivard (1988) proposed investigations of NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
Page 1: NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
Page 4 and 5: Keywords NOISE - ADVERSE EFFECTS -
Page 6 and 7: IV CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 EFFECTS OF NI
Page 8 and 9: VI ABSTRACT The WHO Regional Office
Page 10 and 11: VIII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Torbjörn
Page 12 and 13: X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PROCESS OF DEVE
Page 14 and 15: XII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An example of
Page 16 and 17: XIV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Effect Indica
Page 18 and 19: XVI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 50 100 Fig. 4
Page 20 and 21: XVIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY For the pri
Page 22 and 23: 2 METHODS AND CRITERIA impact on th
Page 24 and 25: 4 METHODS AND CRITERIA ITALY: NETHE
Page 26 and 27: 6 METHODS AND CRITERIA There are im
Page 28 and 29: 8 METHODS AND CRITERIA use and heal
Page 30 and 31: 10 METHODS AND CRITERIA L night = L
Page 32 and 33: 12 METHODS AND CRITERIA 1.3.6 BACKG
Page 34 and 35: 14 METHODS AND CRITERIA Fig. 1.8 sh
Page 36 and 37: 16 SLEEP AND HEALTH • Stage 2 req
Page 40 and 41: 20 SLEEP AND HEALTH vegetative, mot
Page 42 and 43: 22 SLEEP AND HEALTH mal range. The
Page 44 and 45: 24 SLEEP AND HEALTH Type Behavioura
Page 46 and 47: 26 SLEEP AND HEALTH sible beyond th
Page 48 and 49: 28 SLEEP AND HEALTH Early reports d
Page 50 and 51: 30 SLEEP AND HEALTH ents’ reports
Page 52 and 53: 32 SLEEP AND HEALTH Although cortic
Page 54 and 55: 34 SLEEP AND HEALTH causal relation
Page 56 and 57: 36 SLEEP AND HEALTH cardiovascular
Page 58 and 59: 38 SLEEP AND HEALTH So do fatigue-r
Page 60 and 61: 40 SLEEP AND HEALTH ers that the ag
Page 62 and 63: 42 SLEEP AND HEALTH 2.5 ANIMAL STUD
Page 64 and 65: NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
Page 66 and 67: 46 EFFECTS ON SLEEP ing sleep stage
Page 68 and 69: 48 EFFECTS ON SLEEP sleep time can
Page 70 and 71: 50 EFFECTS ON SLEEP the instantaneo
Page 72 and 73: 52 EFFECTS ON SLEEP Table 3.1. Coef
Page 74 and 75: 54 EFFECTS ON SLEEP motility have b
Page 76 and 77: NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
Page 78 and 79: 58 EFFECTS ON HEALTH for aircraft:
Page 80 and 81: 60 EFFECTS ON HEALTH acoustic and n
Page 82 and 83: 62 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Noise Exposure
Page 84 and 85: 64 EFFECTS ON HEALTH commonly accep
Page 86 and 87: 66 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Regarding mean
Page 88 and 89:
68 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 1992). The rel
Page 90 and 91:
70 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Regarding airc
Page 92 and 93:
72 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.10 DOSE-RE
Page 94 and 95:
74 EFFECTS ON HEALTH larger increas
Page 96 and 97:
76 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.14 RISK EV
Page 98 and 99:
78 EFFECTS ON HEALTH No particular
Page 100 and 101:
80 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Research into
Page 102 and 103:
82 EFFECTS ON HEALTH tle direct res
Page 104 and 105:
84 EFFECTS ON HEALTH level of expos
Page 106 and 107:
86 EFFECTS ON HEALTH lage newly exp
Page 108 and 109:
88 EFFECTS ON HEALTH ting the stres
Page 110 and 111:
90 EFFECTS ON HEALTH In a United Ki
Page 112 and 113:
92 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.8.14 ASSOCIA
Page 114 and 115:
94 EFFECTS ON HEALTH noise-related
Page 116 and 117:
96 EFFECTS ON HEALTH have had exper
Page 118 and 119:
98 EFFECTS ON HEALTH • number of
Page 120 and 121:
100 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Furthermore,
Page 122 and 123:
102 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
112 Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T (1999).
Page 134 and 135:
114 Bistrup ML (2003). Prevention o
Page 136 and 137:
116 Cartwright J, Flindell I (2000)
Page 138 and 139:
118 der Streßforschung (Bonner Ver
Page 140 and 141:
120 Goto K, Kaneko T (2002). Distri
Page 142 and 143:
122 Ishihara K (1999). The effect o
Page 144 and 145:
124 Kogi K, Ohta T (1975). Incidenc
Page 146 and 147:
126 Marth E et al. (1988). Fluglär
Page 148 and 149:
128 Nieminen P et al. (2002). Growt
Page 150 and 151:
130 Reyner et al. (1995). Patterns
Page 152 and 153:
132 Suter AH (1992). Noise sources
Page 154 and 155:
134 Weed DL (2000). Interpreting ep
Page 156 and 157:
136 APPENDICES Term/acronym Definit
Page 158 and 159:
138 APPENDICES APPENDIX 3. ANIMAL S
Page 160 and 161:
140 APPENDICES cause a certain habi
Page 162 and 163:
142 APPENDICES • Acute exposure t
Page 164 and 165:
144 APPENDICES dence indicate that
Page 166 and 167:
146 APPENDICES Fig.1 Effects of 12
Page 168 and 169:
) 148 APPENDICES 50 40 Young rats O
Page 170 and 171:
150 APPENDICES neuronal degeneratio
Page 172 and 173:
152 Gesi M et al. (2002a). Morpholo
Page 174 and 175:
154 APPENDIX 4. NOISE AND SLEEP IN
Page 176 and 177:
156 APPENDICES during quiet sleep (
Page 178 and 179:
158 APPENDICES (American Academy of
Page 180 and 181:
160 APPENDICES cents, 12.2% of adol
Page 182 and 183:
162 REFERENCES Abel SM (1990). The
Page 184:
The WHO Regional Office for Europe
show all

Night noise guidelines for Europe - WHO/Europe - World Health ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?