Night noise guidelines for Europe - WHO/Europe - World Health ...

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4 METHODS AND CRITERIA ITALY: NETHERLANDS: POLAND: PORTUGAL: SLOVENIA: SWEDEN: UNITED KINGDOM: ARPAT – Environmental Protection Agency, Tuscany Region University of Rome “La Sapienza”– Center for Pediatric Sleep Disorders TNO – Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research RIVM – National Institute of Public Health and the Environment University of Warsaw, Clinic of Psychiatry of the Medical Academy IST – Instituto Superior Técnico Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Slovenia University of Gävle, Centre for Built Environment Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London In addition, WHO received advice and support from a number of national experts who participated in the working group. The affiliations of these additional expert advisers include: CANADA: GERMANY: SWITZERLAND: NETHERLANDS: UNITED KINGDOM: Health Canada Forschungs- und Beratungsbüro Maschke Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft Universität St. Gallen, Institut für Wirtschaft und Ökologie Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment Casella Stanger Environmental Consultants Since the project report was published on the EU web site, various comments were received from experts who have not participated in the working group. The most critical points were regarding the achievability of guideline values in practice. Responding to these feedbacks, the WHO Regional Office for Europe, prepared a revision of guidelines and recommendations, and consulted with international experts and stakeholders including the EU. As of late 2008, it was agreed that the guideline should be based on the lowest observed adverse effects level (LOAEL) rather than the no observed effects level (NOEL). Interim target was also introduced as a feasibility-based level. 1.2 STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE 1.2.1 BASIC CONCEPTS This document uses well-established practices from other disciplines and policy fields. Of main interest here are evidence-based medicine, the use of epidemiological evidence for environmental risk assessment and experiences with – principally– air quality guidelines. The concept of “evidence” is further formalized, as variations in wording and scope are currently in use. NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
METHODS AND CRITERIA 5 1.2.2 RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK CONTROL Risk Assessment Problem description Risk analysis Risk evaluation RiskControl Possible Choice of measures measures Implementation & control Fig. 1.2 Elements of risk control Interaction with stakeholders Source: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2004. Fig. 1.2 outlines a general approach for risk assessment and control. This approach consists of the following steps: 1. problem description: assessing the impact on the population 2. risk analysis: evaluation of impact 3. risk evaluation: assessing impact considered undesirable 4. assessment of options to avoid or reduce impact 5. cost–benefit analysis of the options or of the mix of options 6. assessment of the preferred option 7. implementation and control. It is important to observe that guideline values can be an input to, as well as an output of this process. At lower levels of decision (a particular infrastructure project, for instance) a preset guideline value reduces – intentionally – the degrees of freedom in the process. At the highest national or international level a guideline value is the outcome. As the scope of this document is to present the health consequences of night-time noise exposure (and not so much the economic outcomes of the choice of a certain value) it concentrates on the first three elements in the risk assessment block. The following questions need to be addressed. • What is the strength of the available evidence – what are the uncertainties? • What is the health significance for the effects found? • How serious is the impact on health? • Does every instance of exposure lead to an effect and how are they related? • How can the number of affected people be established? 1.2.3 CAUSE –EFFECT CHAIN Underlying this approach is the notion of a cause–effect chain between environmental factors and health, symbolically simplified in Fig. 1.3. Fig. 1.3 Cause–effect chain Human action, natural processes Change in levels of environmental factors Exposure Biological effects (psychophysiological) Effects on health and well-being Source: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2004. NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
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Page 4 and 5: Keywords NOISE - ADVERSE EFFECTS -
Page 6 and 7: IV CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 EFFECTS OF NI
Page 8 and 9: VI ABSTRACT The WHO Regional Office
Page 10 and 11: VIII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Torbjörn
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Page 66 and 67: 46 EFFECTS ON SLEEP ing sleep stage
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54 EFFECTS ON SLEEP motility have b
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58 EFFECTS ON HEALTH for aircraft:
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60 EFFECTS ON HEALTH acoustic and n
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62 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Noise Exposure
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64 EFFECTS ON HEALTH commonly accep
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66 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Regarding mean
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68 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 1992). The rel
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70 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Regarding airc
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72 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.10 DOSE-RE
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74 EFFECTS ON HEALTH larger increas
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76 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.14 RISK EV
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78 EFFECTS ON HEALTH No particular
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80 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Research into
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82 EFFECTS ON HEALTH tle direct res
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84 EFFECTS ON HEALTH level of expos
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86 EFFECTS ON HEALTH lage newly exp
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88 EFFECTS ON HEALTH ting the stres
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90 EFFECTS ON HEALTH In a United Ki
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92 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.8.14 ASSOCIA
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94 EFFECTS ON HEALTH noise-related
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96 EFFECTS ON HEALTH have had exper
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98 EFFECTS ON HEALTH • number of
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100 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Furthermore,
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102 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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112 Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T (1999).
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114 Bistrup ML (2003). Prevention o
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116 Cartwright J, Flindell I (2000)
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118 der Streßforschung (Bonner Ver
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120 Goto K, Kaneko T (2002). Distri
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122 Ishihara K (1999). The effect o
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124 Kogi K, Ohta T (1975). Incidenc
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126 Marth E et al. (1988). Fluglär
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128 Nieminen P et al. (2002). Growt
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130 Reyner et al. (1995). Patterns
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132 Suter AH (1992). Noise sources
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134 Weed DL (2000). Interpreting ep
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136 APPENDICES Term/acronym Definit
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138 APPENDICES APPENDIX 3. ANIMAL S
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140 APPENDICES cause a certain habi
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142 APPENDICES • Acute exposure t
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144 APPENDICES dence indicate that
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146 APPENDICES Fig.1 Effects of 12
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) 148 APPENDICES 50 40 Young rats O
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150 APPENDICES neuronal degeneratio
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152 Gesi M et al. (2002a). Morpholo
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154 APPENDIX 4. NOISE AND SLEEP IN
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156 APPENDICES during quiet sleep (
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158 APPENDICES (American Academy of
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160 APPENDICES cents, 12.2% of adol
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162 REFERENCES Abel SM (1990). The
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The WHO Regional Office for Europe
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