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50 EFFECTS ON SLEEP the instantaneous noise-induced motility. Other factors influencing the relationships between instantaneous motility and L Amax or SEL are the point of time in the night, and time since sleep onset. For example, after 7 hours of sleep, noise-induced motility is about 1.3 larger than in the first hour of sleep. Age has only a slight effect on noise-induced motility, with younger and older people showing a lower motility response than persons in the age range of 40–50 years. 3.1.7 BEHAVIOURAL AWAKENING IN ADULTS Passchier-Vermeer (2003a) published a review of nine studies on awakening by noise. It was found that these studies had different definitions of what constituted an “awakening”. In this review, however, all awakening data were collected on “behavioural awakening”: these are awakenings that were followed by an action (like pressing a button) from the sleeper. The number of awakenings defined in this manner is much smaller than the number of sleep stage changes which lead to EEG patterns similar to wakefulness. Data were available for rail traffic noise, ambient (probably road) noise, civil aviation noise and military aviation noise. The rail traffic noise study is very small (only 20 subject nights), but showed no awakenings. The study states that “there is some evidence, be it very limited, that railway noise events, in the range of SEL indoor considered (up to 80 dB(A)), do not increase [the] probability of awakening”. Ambient noise also showed no effect on the probability of awakening, but as it is uncertain exactly what noise is meant, no firm conclusions could be drawn. Military aircraft noise showed a very strong effect, but this study is of limited applicability since the few subjects (military) lived near the end of the runway. For civil aviation noise there were sufficient data to derive a dose-effect relation: Percentage of noise-induced awakenings = -0.564 + 1.909*10 -4 *(SEL inside ) 2 [4], where SELinside is the sound exposure level of an aircraft noise event in the bedroom. This relation is confined to commercial aircraft noise over the intervals 54
Number of awake nings p e r year EFFECTS ON SLEEP 51 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Fig. 3.1 Worst case prediction of noise-induced behavioural awakenings. L night , converted from inside relation with [3] on page 10. 0 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Lnight in dB Source: Miedema, Passchier-Vermeer and Vos, 2003 It can be demonstrated that the number of awakenings reaches a maximum when the SEL inside value is 58.8 dB(A). It should be noted that, on average, 600 spontaneous awakenings per person are reported per year. This also explains why so many more awakenings are reported than can be attributed directly to aircraft noise. At 55 L night , nearly 100 overflights per night with SEL inside = 58.8, or 1 every 5 minutes are possible. It is, therefore, very likely that an overflight coincides with a spontaneous awakening. 3.1.8 DOSE–EFFECT RELATIONS FOR BODY MOVEMENTS DURING SLEEP In Passchier-Vermeer et al. (2002) motility is registered in 15-second intervals. A distinction is made between two variables: • the presence of motility in the interval (indicated by m) and • the onset of motility, meaning the presence of motility when there was no motility in the preceding interval (indicated by k). Relations between a noise-induced increase in motility (m) or a noise-induced increase in the onset of motility (k) in the 15-second interval with the maximum sound level of an overflight, and L Amax,inside or SEL inside have been approximated by quadratic functions with the following format: m = b*(L Amax,inside – a) + c*(L Amax,inside – a) 2 [6]. The coefficients a, b and c are given in Table 3.1. The value of a is the value below which m or k is zero. Fig. 3.2 shows the relationship between m and L Amax,inside together with the 95% confidence interval. Relations apply to L Amax,inside and SEL inside values of at most 70 and 80 dB(A), respectively. NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
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NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
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Keywords NOISE - ADVERSE EFFECTS -
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IV CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 EFFECTS OF NI
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VI ABSTRACT The WHO Regional Office
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VIII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Torbjörn
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X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PROCESS OF DEVE
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XII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An example of
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XIV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Effect Indica
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XVI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 50 100 Fig. 4
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Page 22 and 23: 2 METHODS AND CRITERIA impact on th
Page 24 and 25: 4 METHODS AND CRITERIA ITALY: NETHE
Page 26 and 27: 6 METHODS AND CRITERIA There are im
Page 28 and 29: 8 METHODS AND CRITERIA use and heal
Page 30 and 31: 10 METHODS AND CRITERIA L night = L
Page 32 and 33: 12 METHODS AND CRITERIA 1.3.6 BACKG
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Page 36 and 37: 16 SLEEP AND HEALTH • Stage 2 req
Page 38 and 39: 18 SLEEP AND HEALTH Table 2.3 Mean
Page 40 and 41: 20 SLEEP AND HEALTH vegetative, mot
Page 42 and 43: 22 SLEEP AND HEALTH mal range. The
Page 44 and 45: 24 SLEEP AND HEALTH Type Behavioura
Page 46 and 47: 26 SLEEP AND HEALTH sible beyond th
Page 48 and 49: 28 SLEEP AND HEALTH Early reports d
Page 50 and 51: 30 SLEEP AND HEALTH ents’ reports
Page 52 and 53: 32 SLEEP AND HEALTH Although cortic
Page 54 and 55: 34 SLEEP AND HEALTH causal relation
Page 56 and 57: 36 SLEEP AND HEALTH cardiovascular
Page 58 and 59: 38 SLEEP AND HEALTH So do fatigue-r
Page 60 and 61: 40 SLEEP AND HEALTH ers that the ag
Page 62 and 63: 42 SLEEP AND HEALTH 2.5 ANIMAL STUD
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Page 66 and 67: 46 EFFECTS ON SLEEP ing sleep stage
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Page 78 and 79: 58 EFFECTS ON HEALTH for aircraft:
Page 80 and 81: 60 EFFECTS ON HEALTH acoustic and n
Page 82 and 83: 62 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Noise Exposure
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Page 92 and 93: 72 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.10 DOSE-RE
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Page 98 and 99: 78 EFFECTS ON HEALTH No particular
Page 100 and 101: 80 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Research into
Page 102 and 103: 82 EFFECTS ON HEALTH tle direct res
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Page 106 and 107: 86 EFFECTS ON HEALTH lage newly exp
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Page 110 and 111: 90 EFFECTS ON HEALTH In a United Ki
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Page 114 and 115: 94 EFFECTS ON HEALTH noise-related
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Page 118 and 119: 98 EFFECTS ON HEALTH • number of
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100 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Furthermore,
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102 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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112 Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T (1999).
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114 Bistrup ML (2003). Prevention o
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116 Cartwright J, Flindell I (2000)
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118 der Streßforschung (Bonner Ver
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120 Goto K, Kaneko T (2002). Distri
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122 Ishihara K (1999). The effect o
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124 Kogi K, Ohta T (1975). Incidenc
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126 Marth E et al. (1988). Fluglär
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128 Nieminen P et al. (2002). Growt
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130 Reyner et al. (1995). Patterns
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132 Suter AH (1992). Noise sources
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134 Weed DL (2000). Interpreting ep
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136 APPENDICES Term/acronym Definit
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138 APPENDICES APPENDIX 3. ANIMAL S
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140 APPENDICES cause a certain habi
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142 APPENDICES • Acute exposure t
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144 APPENDICES dence indicate that
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146 APPENDICES Fig.1 Effects of 12
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) 148 APPENDICES 50 40 Young rats O
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150 APPENDICES neuronal degeneratio
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152 Gesi M et al. (2002a). Morpholo
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154 APPENDIX 4. NOISE AND SLEEP IN
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156 APPENDICES during quiet sleep (
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158 APPENDICES (American Academy of
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160 APPENDICES cents, 12.2% of adol
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162 REFERENCES Abel SM (1990). The
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The WHO Regional Office for Europe
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