Night noise guidelines for Europe - WHO/Europe - World Health ...

IV CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3
EFFECTS OF NIGHT-TIME NOISE ON SLEEP
3.1 Short-term effects of transportation noise on sleep with specific
attention to mechanisms and possible health impact 45
3.1.1 Introduction 45
3.1.2 How noise influences normal sleep 45
3.1.3 Mechanisms 46
3.1.4 EEG response 47
3.1.5 Cardiovascular response 48
3.1.6 Body movement 49
3.1.7 Behavioural awakening in adults 50
3.1.8 Dose-effect relations for body movements during sleep 51
3.1.9 Individual sensitivity 53
3.1.10 Use of instantaneous effects in predictions over a longer
time period 53
3.2 Chronic effects: chronic increase in motility 54
3.3 Conclusions 55
CHAPTER 4
EFFECTS OF NIGHT-TIME NOISE ON HEALTH
AND WELL-BEING
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Self-reported (chronic) sleep disturbances 57
4.3 Complaints 59
4.4 Neighbourhood noise and noise from neighbours 59
4.5 Cardiovascular effects of noise – findings from epidemiological studies 61
4.5.1 Introduction 61
4.5.2 Noise and stress–reaction model 62
4.5.3 Previous reviews on environmental noise and cardiovascular risk 63
4.5.4 Updated review of epidemiological studies 64
4.5.5 Mean BP 65
4.5.6 Hypertension 66
4.5.7 IHD 66
4.5.8 Medication and drug consumption 67
4.5.9 Evaluation of studies 68
4.5.10 Dose–response curve: meta-analysis 72
4.5.11 Effect modification 73
4.5.12 Exposure during the night 74
4.5.13 Risk groups 75
4.5.14 Risk evaluation 76
4.5.15 Conclusions 77
4.6 Insomnia 79
4.7 Effects on performance 80
4.7.1 Cognition and SWS 80
4.7.2 Comparing daytime and night-time noise exposure 80
4.7.3 Comparing children and adults 81
4.7.4 Noise and after-effects 81
4.8 Effects on psychic disorders 81
4.8.1 Transportation noise and mental health 82
4.8.2 Noise exposure and mental hospital admission rates 84
4.8.3 Noise exposure and psychiatric morbidity in the community 84
4.8.4 Aircraft noise exposure and mental health in children 86