Night noise guidelines for Europe - WHO/Europe - World Health ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

48 EFFECTS ON SLEEP sleep time can be reduced by both a longer time to fall asleep and premature final awakening. It has been reported that intermittent noises with maximum noise levels of 45 dB(A) and above can increase the time taken to fall asleep by a few to 20 minutes (Öhrström, 1993). In the morning hours, the sleeper can be more easily awakened by ambient noise and has more difficulty going back to sleep because sleep pressure is progressively reduced with time (Rechtschaffen, Hauri and Zeitlin, 1966; Keefe, Johnson and Hunter, 1971). Terzano et al. (1990, 1993) showed that with increasing intensity of sound pressure level (white noise at 45, 55, 65 and 75 dB(A), white noise induced a remarkable enhancement of cyclic alternating patterns (CAP)/non-REM, characterized by a linear trend from the lowest to the highest intensities, revealed by a significant increase in the CAP rate already at 45 dB(A). Noise decreased mainly SWS, REM and total sleep time, and increased waking after sleep onset, stage 1 non-REM and CAP rate (Terzano et al., 1993). For CAP/non-REM values between 45% and 60%, subjects generally recalled a moderate nocturnal discomfort and values of CAP/non-REM over 60% corresponded to a severe complaint. This result corroborates previous findings described by Lukas (1972a) who reported that reactions less intense than a sleep stage change correlate better to the noise intensity than awakening reactions. 3.1.5 CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE For sleeping persons, mean heart rate, mean systolic and diastolic BP and variability in heart rate are usually assessed. Indicators of responses to individual noise events are instantaneous changes in (variability of) heart rate and changes in systolic BP. Several field studies (Carter et al., 1994) have been conducted regarding momentary change in heart rate. Intermittent noise during sleep has been found to induce a biphasic cardiac response and a transient constriction of peripheral vessels together with a short phasic activation in the EEG, while no other behavioural effect can be seen (Muzet and Ehrhart, 1978). This biphasic cardiac response starts with an increase in heart rate, probably due to a phasic inhibition of the parasympathetic cardio-inhibitory centre, followed by a compensatory decrease due to a phasic decrease in orthosympathetic activity (Keefe, Johnson and Hunter, 1971; Muzet and Ehrhart, 1980). The vasoconstrictive response was reported to be due to the sympathetic peripheral stimulation provoked by the auditory reflex (Kryter and Poza, 1980). More recently, Carter et al. (2002) have shown that beat-by-beat BP changes can be induced by suddenly occurring noises. Although habituation in some effect parameters can occur in a few days or weeks, this habituation is not complete and the measured modifications of the cardiovascular functions remain unchanged over long periods of exposure time (Muzet and Ehrhart, 1980; Vallet et al., 1983). Most striking is that none of the cardiovascular responses show habituation to noise after a prolonged exposure, while subjective habituation occurs within a few days. In people that are used to sleep in a noisy surrounding, noise-induced changes in heart rate are dependent on the maximum sound level of a noise event, but not on the EEG sleep stage). 3.1.6 BODY MOVEMENT Motility is the term used for accelerations of the body or body parts during movement. It is measured with actimeters, usually worn on the wrist in field research and NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
EFFECTS ON SLEEP 49 the laboratory. Brink, Müller and Schierz (2006) describe a more sophisticated method which is based on the bed being placed on accelerometers. This allows the tracking of whole body movements. Motility is related to many variables of sleep and health (Reyner, 1995; Reyner et al., 1995; Passchier-Vermeer et al., 2002). Clinical research shows that the sleep/wake cycle (assessed by polysomnography, EEG, EOG, EMG) passes through the 24-hour period synchronously with the rest/activity cycle (assessed by actimetry) (Borbely et al., 1981). A number of investigations have compared the results of polysomnographic recordings (number of EEG-awakenings during sleep period, duration of sleep period, sleep onset time, wake-up time) with results of actimetry. The correlation between actimetrically assessed duration of sleep period, sleep onset time, wakeup time and similar variables assessed with polysomnography was found to be very high (correlation coefficients between individual test results in the order of 0.8–0.9). Measures of instantaneous motility are the probability of motility and the probability of onset of motility in a fixed time interval, for example a 15-, 30- or 60-second interval. Increased instantaneous motility during sleep is considered to be a sensitive behavioural marker of arousal, but the relation with arousal is not simple. Also other factors, such as the need to relieve the pressure on body parts for better blood circulation, cause motility, and spontaneously occurring arousals are part of the normal sleep process. The noise-induced probability of (onset of) motility is the difference between the probability of (onset of) motility during noise events minus the probability in the absence of noise. Onset of motility and minor arousal found on the basis of EEG recordings are highly correlated. In the United Kingdom sleep disturbance study, Ollerhead et al. (1992) found for their study population that during sleep there is on average an EEG (minor) arousal in 40% of the 30-second intervals with onset of motility. Unfortunately, it is unknown whether this 40% is also valid for noise-induced awakenings. In 12% of the 30-second intervals with an EEG (minor) arousal, motility does not occur. Several field studies (Horne et al., 1994; Fidell et al., 1998, 2000; Flindell, Bullmore and Robertson, 2000; Griefahn et al., 2000; Passchier-Vermeer et al., 2002, 2004) have been conducted regarding noise-induced instantaneous motility. For this effect, relationships have been established with SEL or L Amax , for aircraft noise only. In Passchier-Vermeer et al. (2002) relationships between noiseinduced increase in motility or noise-induced increase in onset of motility in the 15- second interval with the maximum noise level of an overflight, and L Amax or SEL have been approximated by quadratic functions (see, for instance, Fig. 3.2). It may be noted that the threshold of motility (L Amax = 32 dB(A)) is in the same range as the threshold found by Basner et al. (2004) for EEG awakenings, with a definition that also encompassed transitions to steep stage 1 (L Amax = 35 dB(A)). The probability of motility at 70 dB(A) of about 0.07 is lower than the probability of noiseinduced EEG awakening at L Amax = 73 dB(A) of about 0.10. There is no a priori reason to expect the above threshold probabilities to be the same for these two measures of sleep disturbance, but, taking into account that motility is assessed for shorter intervals (15 seconds vs. 90 seconds), the differences in probabilities above threshold appear to be limited. One of the variables influencing the relationships between noise-induced instantaneous motility and L Amax or SEL, is long-term aircraft noise exposure during sleep. The probability of instantaneous aircraft noise-induced motility is lower when the long-term exposure is higher. This may be partly due to the higher base rate motility in quiet intervals in higher long-term exposure, which is used as a reference for NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
Page 1:
NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
Page 4 and 5:
Keywords NOISE - ADVERSE EFFECTS -
Page 6 and 7:
IV CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 EFFECTS OF NI
Page 8 and 9:
VI ABSTRACT The WHO Regional Office
Page 10 and 11:
VIII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Torbjörn
Page 12 and 13:
X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PROCESS OF DEVE
Page 14 and 15:
XII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An example of
Page 16 and 17:
XIV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Effect Indica
Page 18 and 19: XVI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 50 100 Fig. 4
Page 20 and 21: XVIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY For the pri
Page 22 and 23: 2 METHODS AND CRITERIA impact on th
Page 24 and 25: 4 METHODS AND CRITERIA ITALY: NETHE
Page 26 and 27: 6 METHODS AND CRITERIA There are im
Page 28 and 29: 8 METHODS AND CRITERIA use and heal
Page 30 and 31: 10 METHODS AND CRITERIA L night = L
Page 32 and 33: 12 METHODS AND CRITERIA 1.3.6 BACKG
Page 34 and 35: 14 METHODS AND CRITERIA Fig. 1.8 sh
Page 36 and 37: 16 SLEEP AND HEALTH • Stage 2 req
Page 38 and 39: 18 SLEEP AND HEALTH Table 2.3 Mean
Page 40 and 41: 20 SLEEP AND HEALTH vegetative, mot
Page 42 and 43: 22 SLEEP AND HEALTH mal range. The
Page 44 and 45: 24 SLEEP AND HEALTH Type Behavioura
Page 46 and 47: 26 SLEEP AND HEALTH sible beyond th
Page 48 and 49: 28 SLEEP AND HEALTH Early reports d
Page 50 and 51: 30 SLEEP AND HEALTH ents’ reports
Page 52 and 53: 32 SLEEP AND HEALTH Although cortic
Page 54 and 55: 34 SLEEP AND HEALTH causal relation
Page 56 and 57: 36 SLEEP AND HEALTH cardiovascular
Page 58 and 59: 38 SLEEP AND HEALTH So do fatigue-r
Page 60 and 61: 40 SLEEP AND HEALTH ers that the ag
Page 62 and 63: 42 SLEEP AND HEALTH 2.5 ANIMAL STUD
Page 64 and 65: NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
Page 66 and 67: 46 EFFECTS ON SLEEP ing sleep stage
Page 70 and 71: 50 EFFECTS ON SLEEP the instantaneo
Page 72 and 73: 52 EFFECTS ON SLEEP Table 3.1. Coef
Page 74 and 75: 54 EFFECTS ON SLEEP motility have b
Page 76 and 77: NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
Page 78 and 79: 58 EFFECTS ON HEALTH for aircraft:
Page 80 and 81: 60 EFFECTS ON HEALTH acoustic and n
Page 82 and 83: 62 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Noise Exposure
Page 84 and 85: 64 EFFECTS ON HEALTH commonly accep
Page 86 and 87: 66 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Regarding mean
Page 88 and 89: 68 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 1992). The rel
Page 90 and 91: 70 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Regarding airc
Page 92 and 93: 72 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.10 DOSE-RE
Page 94 and 95: 74 EFFECTS ON HEALTH larger increas
Page 96 and 97: 76 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.14 RISK EV
Page 98 and 99: 78 EFFECTS ON HEALTH No particular
Page 100 and 101: 80 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Research into
Page 102 and 103: 82 EFFECTS ON HEALTH tle direct res
Page 104 and 105: 84 EFFECTS ON HEALTH level of expos
Page 106 and 107: 86 EFFECTS ON HEALTH lage newly exp
Page 108 and 109: 88 EFFECTS ON HEALTH ting the stres
Page 110 and 111: 90 EFFECTS ON HEALTH In a United Ki
Page 112 and 113: 92 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.8.14 ASSOCIA
Page 114 and 115: 94 EFFECTS ON HEALTH noise-related
Page 116 and 117: 96 EFFECTS ON HEALTH have had exper
Page 118 and 119:
98 EFFECTS ON HEALTH • number of
Page 120 and 121:
100 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Furthermore,
Page 122 and 123:
102 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
112 Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T (1999).
Page 134 and 135:
114 Bistrup ML (2003). Prevention o
Page 136 and 137:
116 Cartwright J, Flindell I (2000)
Page 138 and 139:
118 der Streßforschung (Bonner Ver
Page 140 and 141:
120 Goto K, Kaneko T (2002). Distri
Page 142 and 143:
122 Ishihara K (1999). The effect o
Page 144 and 145:
124 Kogi K, Ohta T (1975). Incidenc
Page 146 and 147:
126 Marth E et al. (1988). Fluglär
Page 148 and 149:
128 Nieminen P et al. (2002). Growt
Page 150 and 151:
130 Reyner et al. (1995). Patterns
Page 152 and 153:
132 Suter AH (1992). Noise sources
Page 154 and 155:
134 Weed DL (2000). Interpreting ep
Page 156 and 157:
136 APPENDICES Term/acronym Definit
Page 158 and 159:
138 APPENDICES APPENDIX 3. ANIMAL S
Page 160 and 161:
140 APPENDICES cause a certain habi
Page 162 and 163:
142 APPENDICES • Acute exposure t
Page 164 and 165:
144 APPENDICES dence indicate that
Page 166 and 167:
146 APPENDICES Fig.1 Effects of 12
Page 168 and 169:
) 148 APPENDICES 50 40 Young rats O
Page 170 and 171:
150 APPENDICES neuronal degeneratio
Page 172 and 173:
152 Gesi M et al. (2002a). Morpholo
Page 174 and 175:
154 APPENDIX 4. NOISE AND SLEEP IN
Page 176 and 177:
156 APPENDICES during quiet sleep (
Page 178 and 179:
158 APPENDICES (American Academy of
Page 180 and 181:
160 APPENDICES cents, 12.2% of adol
Page 182 and 183:
162 REFERENCES Abel SM (1990). The
Page 184:
The WHO Regional Office for Europe
show all

Night noise guidelines for Europe - WHO/Europe - World Health ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?