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) 148 APPENDICES 50 40 Young rats Old rats Fig. 3 Above: Recovery after stress (young and old rats). Below: Sapolsky´s Glucocorticoid Cascade Model 30 20 10 0 Rest immobilization Recovery stress 0 1 4h Time STRESS DOWN - REGULATION NEURONAL LOSS CORTICOSTERONE HYPERSECRETION NEGATIVE FEEDBACK RECEPTOR LOSS INSENSITIVITY CONCOMITANTS OF HYPERADRENOCORTICISM Immunosuppression Muscle Atrophy Osteoporosis/Hypercalcemia Hyperglycemia/Hyperlipidemia Arteriosclerosis Steroid diabetes Therefore, acute stress leads, in old animals, to considerably prolonged cortisol increases. On the other hand, chronically repeated stress activates the HPA axis and can cause cortisol receptor losses even in younger animals, a process generally developing only in old age. Finally, chronic cortisol hypersecretion may occur along with follow-up health defects. Aguas et al. (1999) exposed a special breed of mice to the above described model of occupational low frequency noise for three months. Chronic low frequency noise exposure accelerated the expression of the autoimmune disease and was associated with kidney lesions and increased mortality. Chronic noise exposure of animals on a suboptimal Mg diet led to increases of connective tissue and calcium and decreases of Mg in the myocardium (Günther, Ising and Merker, 1978). These changes were correlated with noradrenaline changes. Since they are also correlated with normal ageing, the noise stress induced changes may be interpreted as accelerated ageing (Ising, Nawroth and Günther, 1981). Even the lifespan was reduced in rats on an Mg deficient diet, and was further dose-dependently reduced in combination with noise exposure (see Table 1). NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
APPENDICES 149 Table 1 Effects of noise exposure combined with dietary Mg-deficiency in rats Treatment Effect 4 months 3 months Urine Myocardium Death rate Mg in diet Noise Noradre- Adre- Hydroxy- Ca Mg naline naline proline L eq /L Amax (µg/g Cre) (mg/g dry (mg/g (mg/g wt.) d.w.) d.w.) control ambient 18 ± 4 12 ± 2 3.0 ± 0.1 3.0 ± 0.2 37.5 ± 0.8 0 suboptimal ambient 23 ± 4 18 ± 2 3.0 ± 0.1 3.5 ± 0.5 38.0 ± 1.7 0 suboptimal 69/86 dB 37 ± 11 16 ± 2 3.0 ± 0.1 4.3 ± 0.2 37.9 ± 1.3 0 deficient ambient 98 ± 17 20 ± 5 3.9 ± 0.1 6.2 ± 0.7 31.2 ± 1.4 38% deficient 69/86 dB 129 ± 19 41 ± 10 4.6 ± 0.1 6.7 ± 0.6 29.8 ± 1.8 62% deficient 75/86 dB 172 ± 26 60 ± 15 5.6 ± 0.9 8.0 ± 0.9 26.8 ± 0.8 75% Adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion was measured during the fourth week of noise exposure; death rate is related to the 4-month period of Mg treatment; all other parameters were determined at the end of the experiment (mean values ± S.E.). Noise has the potential to cause stress reactions which are enhanced by suboptimal magnesium intake. Chronic noise-induced stress accelerates the ageing of the myocardium and thus increases the risk of myocardial infarction. The involved pathomechanisms include increases of catecholamines and/or cortisol under acute noise exposure and an interaction between endocrine reactions and intracellular Ca/Mg shifts. WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM ANIMAL STUDIES ABOUT NOISE EFFECTS IN HUMANS? The effects of low frequency noise – the “vibroacoustic disease” – were studied primarily in humans (for review see Castello Branco and Alves-Pereira, 2004). In this context, the amygdalar contribution to conditioned fear learning, revealed for normal human subjects, has to be mentioned. Longer lasting activation of the HPA axis, especially abnormally increased or repeatedly elevated cortisol levels may lead to disturbances of the hormonal balance and even severe diseases in man (Spreng, 2000). Catecholamines induce various detrimental effects on the heart (Ceremuzynski, 1981). Additionally, magnesium deficiency causes alterations of serum lipids (Weglicki et al., 1993), cytokines (Rayssiguier, 1990) and prostaglandines (Nigam, Averdunk and Günther, 1986), in particular an increase of thromboxan, which is released from thrombocytes (Neumann and Lang, 1995) and several other cell types and – in turn – thromboxan A2 can aggregate thrombocytes. All these alterations may increase the risk of myocardial infarction. Beside these cardiovascular stress effects, chronically increased cortisol may induce NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
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NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
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Keywords NOISE - ADVERSE EFFECTS -
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IV CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 EFFECTS OF NI
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VI ABSTRACT The WHO Regional Office
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VIII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Torbjörn
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X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PROCESS OF DEVE
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XII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An example of
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XIV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Effect Indica
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XVI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 50 100 Fig. 4
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XVIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY For the pri
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2 METHODS AND CRITERIA impact on th
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4 METHODS AND CRITERIA ITALY: NETHE
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6 METHODS AND CRITERIA There are im
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8 METHODS AND CRITERIA use and heal
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10 METHODS AND CRITERIA L night = L
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12 METHODS AND CRITERIA 1.3.6 BACKG
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14 METHODS AND CRITERIA Fig. 1.8 sh
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16 SLEEP AND HEALTH • Stage 2 req
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18 SLEEP AND HEALTH Table 2.3 Mean
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20 SLEEP AND HEALTH vegetative, mot
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22 SLEEP AND HEALTH mal range. The
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24 SLEEP AND HEALTH Type Behavioura
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26 SLEEP AND HEALTH sible beyond th
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28 SLEEP AND HEALTH Early reports d
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30 SLEEP AND HEALTH ents’ reports
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32 SLEEP AND HEALTH Although cortic
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34 SLEEP AND HEALTH causal relation
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36 SLEEP AND HEALTH cardiovascular
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38 SLEEP AND HEALTH So do fatigue-r
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40 SLEEP AND HEALTH ers that the ag
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42 SLEEP AND HEALTH 2.5 ANIMAL STUD
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46 EFFECTS ON SLEEP ing sleep stage
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48 EFFECTS ON SLEEP sleep time can
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50 EFFECTS ON SLEEP the instantaneo
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52 EFFECTS ON SLEEP Table 3.1. Coef
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54 EFFECTS ON SLEEP motility have b
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58 EFFECTS ON HEALTH for aircraft:
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60 EFFECTS ON HEALTH acoustic and n
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62 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Noise Exposure
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64 EFFECTS ON HEALTH commonly accep
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66 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Regarding mean
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68 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 1992). The rel
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70 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Regarding airc
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72 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.10 DOSE-RE
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74 EFFECTS ON HEALTH larger increas
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76 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.14 RISK EV
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78 EFFECTS ON HEALTH No particular
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80 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Research into
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82 EFFECTS ON HEALTH tle direct res
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84 EFFECTS ON HEALTH level of expos
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86 EFFECTS ON HEALTH lage newly exp
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88 EFFECTS ON HEALTH ting the stres
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90 EFFECTS ON HEALTH In a United Ki
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92 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.8.14 ASSOCIA
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94 EFFECTS ON HEALTH noise-related
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96 EFFECTS ON HEALTH have had exper
Page 118 and 119: 98 EFFECTS ON HEALTH • number of
Page 120 and 121: 100 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Furthermore,
Page 122 and 123: 102 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 132 and 133: 112 Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T (1999).
Page 134 and 135: 114 Bistrup ML (2003). Prevention o
Page 136 and 137: 116 Cartwright J, Flindell I (2000)
Page 138 and 139: 118 der Streßforschung (Bonner Ver
Page 140 and 141: 120 Goto K, Kaneko T (2002). Distri
Page 142 and 143: 122 Ishihara K (1999). The effect o
Page 144 and 145: 124 Kogi K, Ohta T (1975). Incidenc
Page 146 and 147: 126 Marth E et al. (1988). Fluglär
Page 148 and 149: 128 Nieminen P et al. (2002). Growt
Page 150 and 151: 130 Reyner et al. (1995). Patterns
Page 152 and 153: 132 Suter AH (1992). Noise sources
Page 154 and 155: 134 Weed DL (2000). Interpreting ep
Page 156 and 157: 136 APPENDICES Term/acronym Definit
Page 158 and 159: 138 APPENDICES APPENDIX 3. ANIMAL S
Page 160 and 161: 140 APPENDICES cause a certain habi
Page 162 and 163: 142 APPENDICES • Acute exposure t
Page 164 and 165: 144 APPENDICES dence indicate that
Page 166 and 167: 146 APPENDICES Fig.1 Effects of 12
Page 170 and 171: 150 APPENDICES neuronal degeneratio
Page 172 and 173: 152 Gesi M et al. (2002a). Morpholo
Page 174 and 175: 154 APPENDIX 4. NOISE AND SLEEP IN
Page 176 and 177: 156 APPENDICES during quiet sleep (
Page 178 and 179: 158 APPENDICES (American Academy of
Page 180 and 181: 160 APPENDICES cents, 12.2% of adol
Page 182 and 183: 162 REFERENCES Abel SM (1990). The
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