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150 APPENDICES neuronal degeneration and thus accelerate the ageing also of the brain (Sapolsky, Krey and McEwen, 1986), not only in rats but in humans as well (Sapolsky, 1994). The importance of Ca/Mg shifts was confirmed by post mortem studies of hearts from victims of IHD (Elwood et al. 1980). The tissue samples were taken from areas of the myocardium not affected by the infarction and the results were stable after controlling for several confounders. The results are shown in Table 2. With normal ageing Ca increases and Mg decreases in the myocardium. This process is accelerated in myocardial infarction patients, which indicates an accelerated ageing of these peoples’ heart muscle under the pathogenic influences that lead to myocardial infarction. Table 2 Age dependency of myocardial Ca and Mg contents in ischaemic heart disease (IHD) IHD deaths and non IHD deaths. (Mean Value ± SD, numbers in brackets) Group Age < 45years 45–64 years > 65 years Ca [µg/g] Non IHD 43 ± 15 50 ± 14 57 ± 22 (175) (281) (155) IHD 48 ± 10 53 ± 17 58 ± 21 (48) (389) (188) Mg [µg/g] Non IHD 183 ± 28 173 ± 34 178 ± 30 IHD 170 ± 29 157 ± 30 156 ± 27 Ca/Mg Non IHD 0.24 0.29 0.32 IHD 0.28 0.34 0.37 Another factor which decreases Mg and increases Ca (Hofecker, Niedermüller and Skalicky, 1991) and collagen (Caspari, Gibson and Harris; 1976, Anversa et al., 1990; Gibbons, Beverly and Snyder, 1991) in the myocard is normal ageing (Ising, Nawroth and Günther, 1981). Therefore, it is plausible that the age-dependent decrease of Mg in hearts of IHD victims was about double of that in age-matched non-IHD deaths. This is therefore an indication that age- and stress-dependent electrolyte changes exist in humans and may be correlated with an increased risk of IHD. Long-term experiments with Mg-deficient and noise-stressed rats showed that connective tissue and Ca in the myocardium increased with age while Mg decreased. Hence, stress caused by noise or cold is enhanced by suboptimal Mg intake and accelerates the ageing of the heart and decreases the lifespan (Heroux, Peter and Heggtveit, 1977; Ising, Nawroth and Günther, 1981; Günther, 1991). Since coronary arteriosclerosis increases strongly with age (Lakatta, 1990) a biologically older heart is at a higher risk of IHD and of myocardial infarction. The interaction process described seems to be one of the pathomechanisms by which chronic noise stress increases the risk of myocardial infarction. Several of the risk factors described in the literature to explain the correlation of work stress with myocardial infarction have been found to be increased under noiseinduced stress as well, that is, increases of BP and total cholesterol. NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
APPENDICES 151 REFERENCES Aguas AP et al. (1999). Acceleration of lupus erythematosus-like processes by low frequency noise in the hybrid NZB/W mouse model. Aviation Space Environmental Medicine, 70 (March suppl.):132–136. Altura BM et al. (1992). Noise-induced hypertension and magnesium in rats: relationship to microcirculation and calcium. Journal Applied Physics:194–202. Anversa P et al. (1990). Myocyte cell loss and myocyte cellular hyperplasia in the hypertrophied aging rat heart. Circulation Research, 67(4):871–885. Archana R, Namasivayam A (1999). The effect of acute noise stress on neutrophil functions. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 43:491–495. Bijlsma PB et al. (2001). Subchronic mild noise stress increases HRP permeability in rat small intestine in vitro. Physiology & Behavior, 73:43–49. De Boer SF, van der Gugten J, Slangen JL (1989). Plasma catecholamine and corticosterone responses to predictable and unpredictable noise stress in rats. Physiology & Behavior, 45:789–795. Borg E (1981). Physiological and pathogenic effects of sound. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, Supplement 381. Caspari PG, Gibson K, Harris P (1976). Changes in myocardial collagen in normal development and after · blockade. Proc 6th Ann Meeting of the International Study Group for Research in Cardiac Metabolism. In: Harris P, Bing RJ, Fleckenstein A, eds. Biochemistry and pharmacology of myocardial hypertrophy, hypoxia, and infarction, 7:99–104. Castelo Branco NAA, Alves-Pereira M (2004). Vibroacoustic disease. Noise & Health, 6, (23):3–20. Castelo Branco NAA et al. (2003). SEM and TEM study of rat respiratory epithelia exposed to low frequency noise. In: Mendez-Vilas A, ed. Science and Technology Education in Microscopy: An Overview. Formatex, Badajoz, Spain, Vol.II, pp. 505–533. Ceremuzynski L (1981). Hormonal and metabolic reactions evoked by acute myocardial infarction. Circulation Research, 48(6):767–776. Clarke AS et al. (1994). Long-term effects of prenatal stress on HPA axis activity in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Developmental Psychobiology, 27(5):257–269. Diao MF et al. (2003). Changes in antioxidant capacity of the guinea pig exposed to noise and the protective effect of alphalipoic acid against acoustic trauma. Acta Physiologica Sinica, 55(6):672–676. Elwood PC et al. (1980). Magnesium and calcium in the myocardium: cause of death and area differences. Lancet, 2:720–722. Engeland WC, Miller P, Gann DS (1990). Pituitary-adrenal and adrenomedullary responses to noise in awake dogs. The American Journal of Physiology, 258:672–677. Evans G et al. (2001). Typical community noise exposure and stress in children. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109(3):1023–1027: Fletcher JL (1983). Effects of noise on wildlife: A review of relevant literature 1979–1983. In: Rossi G. Noise as a public health problem. 2:1153–1174, Centro Recherche E Studi Amplifon, Milan. Geber WF (1973). Inhibition of fetal osteogenesis by maternal noise stress. Federation Proceedings, 32(11):2101–2104. Gesi M et al. (2000). Ultrastructural localization of calcium deposits in rat myocardium after loud noise exposure. Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology, 32(4):585–590. Gesi M et al. (2001) Time-dependent changes in adrenal cortex ultrastructure and corticosterone levels after noise exposure in male rats. European Journal of Morphology, 39(3):129–135. NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
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NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
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Keywords NOISE - ADVERSE EFFECTS -
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IV CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 EFFECTS OF NI
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VI ABSTRACT The WHO Regional Office
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VIII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Torbjörn
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X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PROCESS OF DEVE
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XII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An example of
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XIV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Effect Indica
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XVI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 50 100 Fig. 4
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XVIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY For the pri
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2 METHODS AND CRITERIA impact on th
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4 METHODS AND CRITERIA ITALY: NETHE
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6 METHODS AND CRITERIA There are im
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8 METHODS AND CRITERIA use and heal
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10 METHODS AND CRITERIA L night = L
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12 METHODS AND CRITERIA 1.3.6 BACKG
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14 METHODS AND CRITERIA Fig. 1.8 sh
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16 SLEEP AND HEALTH • Stage 2 req
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18 SLEEP AND HEALTH Table 2.3 Mean
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20 SLEEP AND HEALTH vegetative, mot
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22 SLEEP AND HEALTH mal range. The
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24 SLEEP AND HEALTH Type Behavioura
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26 SLEEP AND HEALTH sible beyond th
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28 SLEEP AND HEALTH Early reports d
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30 SLEEP AND HEALTH ents’ reports
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32 SLEEP AND HEALTH Although cortic
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34 SLEEP AND HEALTH causal relation
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36 SLEEP AND HEALTH cardiovascular
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38 SLEEP AND HEALTH So do fatigue-r
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40 SLEEP AND HEALTH ers that the ag
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42 SLEEP AND HEALTH 2.5 ANIMAL STUD
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46 EFFECTS ON SLEEP ing sleep stage
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48 EFFECTS ON SLEEP sleep time can
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50 EFFECTS ON SLEEP the instantaneo
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52 EFFECTS ON SLEEP Table 3.1. Coef
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54 EFFECTS ON SLEEP motility have b
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58 EFFECTS ON HEALTH for aircraft:
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60 EFFECTS ON HEALTH acoustic and n
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62 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Noise Exposure
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64 EFFECTS ON HEALTH commonly accep
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66 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Regarding mean
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68 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 1992). The rel
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70 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Regarding airc
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72 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.10 DOSE-RE
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74 EFFECTS ON HEALTH larger increas
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76 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.5.14 RISK EV
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78 EFFECTS ON HEALTH No particular
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80 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Research into
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82 EFFECTS ON HEALTH tle direct res
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84 EFFECTS ON HEALTH level of expos
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86 EFFECTS ON HEALTH lage newly exp
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88 EFFECTS ON HEALTH ting the stres
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90 EFFECTS ON HEALTH In a United Ki
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92 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.8.14 ASSOCIA
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94 EFFECTS ON HEALTH noise-related
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96 EFFECTS ON HEALTH have had exper
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98 EFFECTS ON HEALTH • number of
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Page 122 and 123: 102 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 132 and 133: 112 Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T (1999).
Page 134 and 135: 114 Bistrup ML (2003). Prevention o
Page 136 and 137: 116 Cartwright J, Flindell I (2000)
Page 138 and 139: 118 der Streßforschung (Bonner Ver
Page 140 and 141: 120 Goto K, Kaneko T (2002). Distri
Page 142 and 143: 122 Ishihara K (1999). The effect o
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Page 152 and 153: 132 Suter AH (1992). Noise sources
Page 154 and 155: 134 Weed DL (2000). Interpreting ep
Page 156 and 157: 136 APPENDICES Term/acronym Definit
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Page 164 and 165: 144 APPENDICES dence indicate that
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Page 168 and 169: ) 148 APPENDICES 50 40 Young rats O
Page 172 and 173: 152 Gesi M et al. (2002a). Morpholo
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Page 176 and 177: 156 APPENDICES during quiet sleep (
Page 178 and 179: 158 APPENDICES (American Academy of
Page 180 and 181: 160 APPENDICES cents, 12.2% of adol
Page 182 and 183: 162 REFERENCES Abel SM (1990). The
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