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110 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.7 RELATION WITH THE GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNITY NOISE (1999) The Guidelines for community noise (WHO, 1999) have been quoted a number of times in this paper, so one could rightfully ask what the relation is between the 1999 guidelines and the present NNG. Impact of night-time exposure to noise and sleep disturbance is indeed covered in the 1999 guidelines, and this is the full statement (WHO, 1999): “If negative effects on sleep are to be avoided the equivalent sound pressure level should not exceed 30 dBA indoors for continuous noise. If the noise is not continuous, sleep disturbance correlates best with L Amax and effects have been observed at 45 dB or less. This is particularly true if the background level is low. Noise events exceeding 45 dBA should therefore be limited if possible. For sensitive people an even lower limit would be preferred. It should be noted that it should be possible to sleep with a bedroom window slightly open (a reduction from outside to inside of 15 dB). To prevent sleep disturbances, one should thus consider the equivalent sound pressure level and the number and level of sound events. Mitigation targeted to the first part of the night is believed to be effective for the ability to fall asleep.” It should be noted that the noise indicators of the 1999 guidelines are L Aeq and L Amax , measured inside for continuous and non-continuous noise, respectively. The present night noise guidelines adopt an harmonized noise indicator as defined by Environmental Noise Directive (2002/49/EC): L night measured outside, averaged over a year. It should also be borne in mind that the 1999 guidelines are based on studies carried out up to 1995 (and a few meta-analyses some years later). Important new studies (Passchier-Vermeer et al., 2002; Basner et al., 2004) have become available since then, together with new insights into normal and disturbed sleep. Comparing the above statement with the recommendations, it is clear that new information has made more precise statements possible. The thresholds are now known to be lower than L Amax of 45 dB for a number of effects. The last three sentences still stand: there are good reasons for people to sleep with their windows open, and to prevent sleep disturbances one should consider the equivalent sound pressure level and the number of sound events. The present NNG allow responsible authorities and stakeholders to do this. Viewed in this way, the Night noise guidelines for Europe complements the 1999 guidelines. This means that the recommendations on government policy framework on noise management elaborated in the 1999 guidelines should be considered valid and relevant for the Member States to achieve the guideline values of this document. NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
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NIGHT NOISE GUIDELINES FOR EUROPE
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Keywords NOISE - ADVERSE EFFECTS -
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IV CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 EFFECTS OF NI
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VI ABSTRACT The WHO Regional Office
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VIII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Torbjörn
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X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PROCESS OF DEVE
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XII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An example of
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XIV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Effect Indica
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XVI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 50 100 Fig. 4
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XVIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY For the pri
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2 METHODS AND CRITERIA impact on th
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4 METHODS AND CRITERIA ITALY: NETHE
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6 METHODS AND CRITERIA There are im
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8 METHODS AND CRITERIA use and heal
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10 METHODS AND CRITERIA L night = L
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12 METHODS AND CRITERIA 1.3.6 BACKG
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14 METHODS AND CRITERIA Fig. 1.8 sh
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16 SLEEP AND HEALTH • Stage 2 req
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18 SLEEP AND HEALTH Table 2.3 Mean
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20 SLEEP AND HEALTH vegetative, mot
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22 SLEEP AND HEALTH mal range. The
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24 SLEEP AND HEALTH Type Behavioura
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26 SLEEP AND HEALTH sible beyond th
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28 SLEEP AND HEALTH Early reports d
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30 SLEEP AND HEALTH ents’ reports
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32 SLEEP AND HEALTH Although cortic
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34 SLEEP AND HEALTH causal relation
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36 SLEEP AND HEALTH cardiovascular
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38 SLEEP AND HEALTH So do fatigue-r
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40 SLEEP AND HEALTH ers that the ag
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42 SLEEP AND HEALTH 2.5 ANIMAL STUD
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46 EFFECTS ON SLEEP ing sleep stage
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48 EFFECTS ON SLEEP sleep time can
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50 EFFECTS ON SLEEP the instantaneo
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52 EFFECTS ON SLEEP Table 3.1. Coef
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54 EFFECTS ON SLEEP motility have b
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58 EFFECTS ON HEALTH for aircraft:
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Page 100 and 101: 80 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Research into
Page 102 and 103: 82 EFFECTS ON HEALTH tle direct res
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Page 106 and 107: 86 EFFECTS ON HEALTH lage newly exp
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Page 110 and 111: 90 EFFECTS ON HEALTH In a United Ki
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Page 118 and 119: 98 EFFECTS ON HEALTH • number of
Page 120 and 121: 100 EFFECTS ON HEALTH Furthermore,
Page 122 and 123: 102 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 132 and 133: 112 Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T (1999).
Page 134 and 135: 114 Bistrup ML (2003). Prevention o
Page 136 and 137: 116 Cartwright J, Flindell I (2000)
Page 138 and 139: 118 der Streßforschung (Bonner Ver
Page 140 and 141: 120 Goto K, Kaneko T (2002). Distri
Page 142 and 143: 122 Ishihara K (1999). The effect o
Page 144 and 145: 124 Kogi K, Ohta T (1975). Incidenc
Page 146 and 147: 126 Marth E et al. (1988). Fluglär
Page 148 and 149: 128 Nieminen P et al. (2002). Growt
Page 150 and 151: 130 Reyner et al. (1995). Patterns
Page 152 and 153: 132 Suter AH (1992). Noise sources
Page 154 and 155: 134 Weed DL (2000). Interpreting ep
Page 156 and 157: 136 APPENDICES Term/acronym Definit
Page 158 and 159: 138 APPENDICES APPENDIX 3. ANIMAL S
Page 160 and 161: 140 APPENDICES cause a certain habi
Page 162 and 163: 142 APPENDICES • Acute exposure t
Page 164 and 165: 144 APPENDICES dence indicate that
Page 166 and 167: 146 APPENDICES Fig.1 Effects of 12
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Page 170 and 171: 150 APPENDICES neuronal degeneratio
Page 172 and 173: 152 Gesi M et al. (2002a). Morpholo
Page 174 and 175: 154 APPENDIX 4. NOISE AND SLEEP IN
Page 176 and 177: 156 APPENDICES during quiet sleep (
Page 178 and 179: 158 APPENDICES (American Academy of
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160 APPENDICES cents, 12.2% of adol
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162 REFERENCES Abel SM (1990). The
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The WHO Regional Office for Europe
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