Ibid - Australian Army

Land Warfare Studies Centre 26
1980. 99 This pamphlet provided a notional opposing force
(OPFOR) that was an amalgam of regional armed forces. The
Musorians employed 1960s Soviet-style conventional and
unconventional warfare, including amphibious lodgment and
airborne special operations. 100 By the early 1990s, training doctrine
had expanded to produce another pamphlet, the MLW Three 2.3,
Kamarian Armed Forces, a Maoist-style notional enemy, organised
and equipped to conduct an indirect strategy of low-level operations
across northern Australia. 101
In the early 1980s Australian Army doctrine began to concentrate
on developing appropriate concepts to match the force structure
changes introduced since the late 1970s. These concepts included
developing the operational level of war and low-level conflict and
investigation of the philosophy of directive control. In 1983
Training Command estimated that 200 pamphlets were required to
align the Army’s doctrine with organisational change. 102 In the
course of the 1980s pamphlets were published to provide new
doctrine for such areas as command and control, formation tactics,
counterinsurgency, peacekeeping and tactical deception. 103
99
Australian Army, Manual of Land Warfare, Part Three, Training,
Volume 2, Training for War, Pamphlet No. 2, The Musorian Armed
Forces, Army Office, Canberra, 1980.
100 Ibid., pp. vii–ix.
101 Australian Army, Manual of Land Warfare, Part Three, Training,
Volume 2, Pamphlet No. 3, Kamarian Armed Forces, Army Office,
Canberra, 1993.
102 Author’s interview with Major General S. N. Gower (Retd),
12 October 1998. Gower was Colonel, Doctrine, in Training Command
in 1983.
103 See Australian Army, Manual of Land Warfare, Part One, The Conduct
of Operations, Volume 1, Pamphlet No. 2, Command and Control,
1983, Army Office, November 1983; Volume 1, Pamphlet No. 4,
Formation Tactics, 1987, Army Office, Canberra, July 1987;
Volume 3, Low Intensity Operations, Pamphlet No. 1, Counter-
Insurgency Operations 1980, Army Office, Canberra, June 1980;
Volume 3, Low Intensity Operations, Pamphlet No. 3, Peacekeeping