Ibid - Australian Army

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Land Warfare Studies Centre 54 Theatre Response Force and was to produce an updated Musorian Armed Forces pamphlet to provide Exercise Enemy doctrine. 223 Only in June 1998 did the Army seek to make the RTA trials more compatible with changes in defence policy. In a revised RTA Trials Master Plan, it was stated that ‘trials will be conducted within operational scenarios drawn from analysis of the 1997 strategic review, “Australia’s Strategic Policy” (ASP 97)’. 224 Phase 2 of the RTA Trials was to ‘assess the adaptability and versatility of the Phase 1 TF to the off-shore DAA, DRI and DGI tasks identified in ASP 97 in order to identify additional capabilities that may be required in the ECF [Enhanced Combat Force]’. 225 By December 1998, the current of strategic change had effectively rendered MLW One 1.3, Operations in Defence of Australia 1996, and MLW One 2.1, Task Force Operations in Defence of Operations 1996—both fundamental to the A21 scheme—obsolete only two years after their publication. Both documents were to be superseded by new Army Trials Doctrine. 226 Maritime Strategy and the Modernisation of Australian Army Doctrine, 1998–99 223 224 225 226 Ibid.; Australian Army, The Musorian Armed Forces, Army Trials Doctrine 4.3, 1st edn, Version 1, Land Operations, Tactics, Techniques and Procedures, Parts 1 and 2, Headquarters Training Command, Sydney, January 1998. Australian Army, Office of the Chief of Army, ‘Restructuring of the Army Trials Master Plan’, 6 June 1998, p. 1. Minute signed by Lieutenant General John Sanderson. Copy in author’s possession. Ibid. Australian Army, Doctrine Status and Development 1999, Headquarters Training Command, Sydney, December 1998, p. 18, para. 46. The aim of Army Trials Doctrine was to provide a separate mechanism for developments to be assessed, thus creating a process whereby relevant material could eventually be integrated into mainstream Army doctrine.
55 Study Paper No. 301 In October 1998, the new Chief of Army, Lieutenant General Frank Hickling, announced that the Army would embrace a maritime concept of strategy. 227 Lieutenant General’s Hickling’s statement represented a watershed decision in that it ended an era in Army doctrine and force structuring. After a quarter of a century of preparing for mainly continental defence operations as outlined by Lieutenant General Hassett in 1975, the Army embraced the primacy of offshore operations. In March 1999, Lieutenant General Hickling outlined his philosophy in more detail in an important address to students at the Command and Staff College. The Chief of Army’s address took place against a background of economic crisis in the Asia-Pacific region and declining political stability in Indonesia and East Timor—events that had persuaded the Australian Government in February 1999 to increase the readiness of the 1st Brigade and to expand the strength of the 3rd Brigade Ready Deployment Force (RDF). These measures represented the most significant level of force readiness by the Regular Army since the end of the Vietnam War. 228 In his address, the Chief of Army described the 1995 A21 study as ‘the high watermark in the continental strategy that Army had adopted after Vietnam’. 229 Lieutenant General Hickling acknowledged that the A21 scheme had helped the Army to embrace the concepts of the primacy of the decision cycle and to 227 228 229 Lieutenant General Frank Hickling, Chief of Army, ‘Address to Senior Officers’, Chief of Army Exercise, Russell Offices, Canberra, 22 October 1998. Notes taken by author. For a background study, see Michael Evans, The Role of the Australian Army in a Maritime Concept of Strategy, Working Paper No. 101, Land Warfare Studies Centre, Duntroon, September 1998. The force readiness plans are Project Trident (developing a rotation force to replace the 1st or 3rd Brigades) and Project Tine (the expansion of the RDF). Chief of Army’s Address to the Command and Staff College, Fort Queenscliff, Victoria, 11 March 1999, p. 1.
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v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS A21 AA
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Ibid - Australian Army

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