2008_10_SRP_CornellKaraveli_Turkey
2008_10_SRP_CornellKaraveli_Turkey
2008_10_SRP_CornellKaraveli_Turkey
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Prospects for a ‘Torn’ <strong>Turkey</strong> 65<br />
with the U.S., the strategic bedrock of the country, while the fallout of such a<br />
conflict could hit <strong>Turkey</strong> very directly.<br />
The Pull of the Turkic World<br />
Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, <strong>Turkey</strong> essentially ignored the<br />
captive nations of Central Asia and the Caucasus, most of which were its<br />
“distant cousins”. Only the far-right nationalist MHP strongly maintained<br />
an interest for the “outside Turks”. But the independence of five Turkic<br />
states in Azerbaijan and Central Asia coincided with <strong>Turkey</strong>’s feeling of<br />
rejection from the European Community, leading to short-lived euphoric<br />
plans of confederation in Central Asia.<br />
Domestically, however, this issue is one that arouses varying degrees of<br />
interest. The centrist forces, most prominently former president Süleyman<br />
Demirel, paid great attention to this emerging vector of Turkish foreign<br />
policy, while also instilling it with substantial realism. Initially, a culturally<br />
determined focus on distant Central Asia dominated, which ignored the fact<br />
that <strong>Turkey</strong> does not have a land corridor to the rest of the Turkic world. Yet<br />
this gradually gave way to a much more focused approach that gave priority<br />
to the South Caucasus due to its proximity and strategic importance. This<br />
implied greater attention to Georgia, a non-Turkic country that nevertheless<br />
constitutes <strong>Turkey</strong>’s access route to Azerbaijan. The building of the east-west<br />
transportation and energy corridor is a result very much of the trilateral<br />
Turkish-Azerbaijani-Georgian partnership led by Demirel in conjunction<br />
with Azerbaijan’s Heydar Aliyev and Georgia’s Eduard Shevardnadze in the<br />
1990s. This accomplishment practically made <strong>Turkey</strong> a leading Western<br />
force in the region. Indeed, at that time, the “West” in the South Caucasus<br />
consisted of three powers – America, <strong>Turkey</strong> and Europe, roughly in that<br />
order of influence.<br />
Yet the Islamic forces have never shared the enthusiasm for these regions<br />
displayed by the centrist forces. This, moreover, is true both for the original<br />
Islamists under Erbakan, as well as for the moderate ones under Erdoğan.<br />
With a self-identification as much religious as ethnic, they often display<br />
greater affinity for “true” Muslims of the Middle East compared to the less<br />
observant “Soviet” Muslims of Central Asia and the Caucasus. Indeed, a<br />
much greater interest for the Middle East as opposed to the Caucasus and