construction and refurbishment of earthen irrigation channel banks

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Amendment ListAmendmentNumberIssueDateDescriptionConstruction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 – Edition 1.0 x
Table of ContentsBook 1SubjectPage No.Forward ............................................................................................................................ivAbstract ............................................................................................................................viAcknowledgments......................................................................................................................viiAmendment List...........................................................................................................................x1 Introduction ..................................................................................................1-12 Background to these Guidelines....................................................................2-13 Research Procedure ......................................................................................3-14 How to use these Guidelines.........................................................................4-15 Acronyms .....................................................................................................5-16 Units of Measurement...................................................................................6-17 Symbols ........................................................................................................7-18 Earthen Irrigation Channels ..........................................................................8-19 Channel Bank Lives......................................................................................9-110 Channel Bank Deterioration........................................................................10-111 Planning and Investigation..........................................................................11-112 Earthen Channel Design .............................................................................12-113 Life Cycle Cost Analysis ............................................................................13-114 Risk Analysis..............................................................................................14-115 Material Selection and Testing....................................................................15-116 Compaction Control....................................................................................16-117 Protective Cover .........................................................................................17-118 Inside Batter Treatment ..............................................................................18-119 Channel Bank Construction ........................................................................19-120 Channel Bank Refurbishment .....................................................................20-121 Channel Seepage ........................................................................................21-122 Channel Lining ...........................................................................................22-123 Measures to Reduce the Rate of Deterioration ............................................23-124 Glossary......................................................................................................24-1Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 – Edition 1.0 xi
Page 3 and 4: Your comments on the format and con
Page 5 and 6: During the course of this project,
Page 7 and 8: AcknowledgmentsThese Guidelines rep
Page 9: FundingFunding of this project was
Page 13 and 14: 1. Introduction1.1 GeneralGood asse
Page 15 and 16: (iv) provide proven practice approa
Page 17 and 18: 3. Research Procedure3.1 Terms of R
Page 19 and 20: 4. How to use these Guidelines4.1 W
Page 21 and 22: 6. Units of MeasurementQuantity Uni
Page 23 and 24: 8. Earthen Irrigation Channels8.1 D
Page 25 and 26: 8.3 ReferencesAustralian National C
Page 27 and 28: 9.1 IntroductionA key input to adva
Page 29 and 30: Data from Goulburn-Murray Water’s
Page 31 and 32: General 1 2 3 4 5 6DescriptionRisk
Page 33 and 34: Channel BankSequential Deterioratio
Page 35 and 36: 9.2 ReferencesGutteridge Haskins &
Page 37 and 38: 10.2.3.1 Dispersive layer of materi
Page 39 and 40: Causes ofSpecific factorDeteriorati
Page 41 and 42: 10.1.2.5 BendsA bend in the channel
Page 43 and 44: 10.1.4.1 Construction techniqueIrri
Page 45 and 46: 10.1.5.4 Overtopping of banksIn ade
Page 47 and 48: In the past maintenance techniques
Page 49 and 50: Maintenance is a continuing require
Page 51 and 52: 10.1.7.4 Yabbies/fresh water crayfi
Page 54 and 55: Direct removal ofmaterial by entrai
Page 56 and 57: Figure 10.10 shows longitudinal cra
Page 58 and 59: 10.2.3.3 Irregular compaction - bri
Page 60 and 61:
10.3 ReferencesEmerson W (1996), pe
Page 62 and 63:
11.1 GeneralThe Investigation and P
Page 64 and 65:
iv) Available fill materials and, w
Page 66 and 67:
12.15 Radius of Bends .............
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There are several ways a channel ca
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• Land acquisition extent and typ
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The investigation should generally
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• Backfill: 10% compaction factor
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1. Flow Area, A, is the cross-secti
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after ageing and weed growth. If an
Page 80 and 81:
elationships may be the controlling
Page 82 and 83:
These maximum velocities should be
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Thus channels are usually designed
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Some of the design issues that shou
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12.12.1.3 Best PracticeEither of th
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12.13.2 Channel MaintenanceIncrease
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along a channel. The depth of the w
Page 94 and 95:
12.13.4.7 Change of AlignmentThe in
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12.15 Radius of Bends12.15.1 Flow A
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12.16 Channel Cross SectionThe cros
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Some irrigation authorities use one
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12.16.2 BanksChannel cross sections
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Unless the bank is very high, the s
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The stability of channel batters ca
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drop bars become difficult and time
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Both the height above the bed and t
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• enable maintenance of the chann
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- Access agreementsA description of
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13/08/02 19:2012.20 Channel Tenure
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13/08/02 19:20As with the damage to
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13/08/02 19:20Advantages of Protect
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- gates provide a better deterrent
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13/08/02 19:20When considering expo
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13/08/02 19:20A typical design draw
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13/08/02 19:20Sinclair Knight Merz
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13.1 IntroductionIn many irrigation
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For example, the initial constructi
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13.2.6 When to use Life Cycle Analy
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The timing of the life-cycle costin
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• assess cost of collecting missi
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Microsoft Excel has quite a good pr
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The costs used in these methods sho
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Life CyclePhaseInvestigationDesignC
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Life CyclePhaseMaintenanceRehabilit
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ReplacementProject managementInvest
Page 150 and 151:
Residual valueLegal feesInsuranceAd
Page 152 and 153:
13.4.6.2 Recurring CostsChannel con
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$1.00.80Percent ofValue of$1.00.60.
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13.4.11 Evaluate ResultsThe results
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13.6 Tipsthe way open to incur sign
Page 160 and 161:
14. Risk AnalysisTable of ContentsS
Page 162 and 163:
Consequences for irrigation authori
Page 164 and 165:
15. Material Selection and TestingT
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c) Shrinkage - will the bank crack
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depth. For this reason, the soils o
Page 170 and 171:
Natural moisture content should als
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The study identified some confusion
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15.4.2 Determination of the plastic
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1. Preparation of PatTake approxima
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EmersonClass No.Degree ofDispersion
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15.7.1 Coarse grained soilsIn this
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sufficient gravel for erosion resis
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GroupSymbolsSuitability for Earthen
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The uniform application and thoroug
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essential that the chemical is thor
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Where laboratory testing facilities
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Clays are the plastic fines. They c
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etween the soil sample and the wate
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16. Compaction ControlTable of Cont
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16.1 PurposeDuring this research pr
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All compaction equipment utilises s
Page 202 and 203:
The soil density required for a cha
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In the past, a method specification
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Low permeability and high stability
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16.10.1.1 Tamping Foot RollerTampin
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16.10.1.5 Non-Circular Impact Rolle
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16.10.3 Compactor OperationsAfter t
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16.11.4 Moisture Content ControlBef
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16.12 Density Control Tests and Pro
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Correlation with local materials an
Page 220 and 221:
The main advantages of the Nuclear
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Figure 16.4Hilf Density Ratio Repor
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The location and test results for e
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16.14.3 Reporting and RecordsTest r
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16.16 Tests for small projectsThe s
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The advantages of the Drop Test are
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AS1289.6.3.2-1997AS1289.6.3.3-1997A
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17. Protective CoverTable of Conten
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The bank dries and cracks from the
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17.5 Specifications17.5.1 GravelPar
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17.6 Establish Vegetation CoverTops
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Species Growing Conditions Establis
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17.7.2 Rope Wick ApplicationMuch of
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There are a number of fibre mats or
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17.10 Australian StandardsAS1289.3.
Page 250 and 251:
18.1 IntroductionFor many earthen c
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When re-shaping the batters of exis
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LifeCrestOld bank lineBattered bank
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Photos\inside batter\CG7channel2arm
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4. To help place the rock material
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False ToeFigure 18.8Protective laye
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The confinement system would be adv
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• Able to survive during non-oper
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18.6 ReferencesHutchison D & Locke
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19.20 Guidelines on Field Quality C
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
Page 272 and 273:
• Figure 19.2)3. Temporary Bench
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The capabilities and limitations of
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19.3.1 Construction EquipmentThe ba
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construction. The aim of scarifying
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Whether or not a front-end loader o
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The thickness of each layer will va
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distribution. The use of alternativ
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19.8 Construction RecordsAdequate r
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19.12 Protective Cover on Crest and
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19.21 Australian StandardsAS 1726-1
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20.1 ScopeAustralia’s earthen irr
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Bank re-construction normally requi
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•meter outlet locations and type
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In the case of channel bank refurbi
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20.4.1.1 StrippingWith outside bank
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All public roads to be used by truc
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5. Material is delivered by trucks
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Need to drain and de-waterEBM befor
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significantly and a more conservati
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Aim for crest width ofabout 2 metre
Page 312 and 313:
Refer to Section 18, Inside Batter
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21.8.10 Re-alignment ..............
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Seepage is a complex hydrologic phe
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2. Seepage losses increase as the d
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Refer also to the following section
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21.4 Channel Seepage ConsequencesSe
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Channel seepage is one of the sever
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Seepage is proportional to soil per
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Methods based on vertical flow meas
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ainfallPumpingevapotranspirationIrr
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Flow NetsA flow net is a system of
Page 334 and 335:
Data from indirect measurement proc
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(ii) EM SurveyElectro-magnetic (EM)
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The volume of waterloss from the dr
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21.7.3.2 Inflow-Outflow Method (Dyn
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Imperfect seal will cause the meter
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The groundwater level can then be d
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Stable IsotopesThe basis of testing
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To be most successful, there needs
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21.8.6 Surface interception drainag
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KeyWatertable before tree plantingW
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• The preparation of a best pract
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21.11 ReferencesAustralian National
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22. Channel LiningTable of Contents
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22.1 IntroductionThe conservation o
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The different types of channel lini
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Table 22-1Unlined Earthen Channels
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Lining of channels will not elimina
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To supply a given discharge, the cr
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22.4.5 Structural SafetyThe stabili
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soil pressures and under-drainage i
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Concrete linings are suitable for b
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22.5.12 Availability of Constructio
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esistance to erosion. To improve th
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
Page 382 and 383:
22.7.1.2 General Design Considerati
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22.7.1.4 Lining ThicknessThe thickn
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particular problems, but in smaller
Page 388 and 389:
Where the earth lining finishes abo
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control where the channel material
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sand requires about 5% cement by we
Page 394 and 395:
22.7.6 Soil SealantsSoil sealants a
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22.7.7 Cost of Earth LiningsThe cap
Page 398 and 399:
Although they can assist with shear
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22.8.2 Membrane Liner TypesGeomembr
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Polyethylene has also appeared in m
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FPP resistance to common chemical e
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The base coat and seal coat rates m
Page 408 and 409:
A common and misleading argument is
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These thermal expansion and contrac
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Another factor is the ability to ha
Page 414 and 415:
Some lining methods expand and cont
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22.8.9.1 Geomembrane ThicknessThe t
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Cover typeThickness ofEarth fill(m)
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22.8.9.5 Cover MaterialGeomembranes
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As well, velocities which are permi
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22.8.11 FencingWhen livestock, part
Page 426 and 427:
22.10 ReferencesAlther GR (1987), T
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23. Measures to Reduce the Rate ofD
Page 430 and 431:
Channel DesignBank MaterialDeterior
Page 432 and 433:
Stock and VerminAdjacentlandholders
Page 434 and 435:
To ensure that a channel bank has a
Page 436 and 437:
Advantages of Draining• Allows fo
Page 438 and 439:
To efficiently maintain a channel,
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Compared with other countries where
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23.4.7 LeaksTransverse cracks are t
Page 444 and 445:
23.5 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Photo 23-1Channel bed showing mumbl
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Thus, control of carp by draining c
Page 450 and 451:
The disadvantages of a biological c
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Carp have been blamed for erosion o
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Management Groups gives guidelines
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Organisation Contact Details Aims/A
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Chemical treatment is often recomme
Page 460 and 461:
23.7 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Grey Parrot Pea - Dillaynia cineres
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Lodge G (1998), Review on Fish Barr
Page 466 and 467:
cation exchange capacity (CEC) a me
Page 468 and 469:
fetch the distance over which the w
Page 470 and 471:
plant term used for construction eq
Page 472:
supply level the supply level is a
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