construction and refurbishment of earthen irrigation channel banks

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State Irrigation Authority AreaVictoriaGoulburn-Murray WaterMurray ValleySheppartonCentral GoulburnRochester-CampaspePyramid-BoortTorrumbarrySouthern Rural WaterWimmera-Mallee Rural Water AuthorityFirst Mildura Irrigation TrustSunrasia Rural Water AuthorityQueensland Queensland Department of Natural Resources Burdekin River Irrigation AreaMareeba-DimbulahBundabergEmeraldNew South Wales Murray IrrigationColeambally IrrigationMurrumbidgee IrrigationGriffithLeetonTrangie-Nevertire Irrigation SchemeNevertire Irrigation SchemeMarthaguy Irrigation SchemeColly Farms Cotton LtdNamoi Valley Irrigation AreaClyde Agriculture – Bourke-Brewarrina Irrigation FarmsWestern Australia Ord Irrigation Co-Operative LtdTasmania Rivers and Water Supply Commission of TasmaniaSpecialist Contributors are acknowledged as follows:Graham HarperRoger WrigleyMike SadlierRick RossDarryl RowDr W. EmersonDerek PoultonKathryn GoodenJim WildingKevin KrakeBronwyn MeneillyLaurie JackelPaul BrownLeon TepperSinclair Knight MerzUniversity of Melbourne – DookieGeosynthetic Consultants AustraliaLethbridge Northern Irrigation District, CanadaBow River Irrigation District, CanadaCSIRO Division of Soils, AdelaideGoulburn-Murray Water, TaturaGoulburn-Murray Water, TaturaGoulburn-Murray Water, TaturaGoulburn-Murray Water, TaturaGoulburn-Murray Water, TaturaGoulburn-Murray Water, TaturaMarine and Freshwater Resources Institute, VictoriaThiess Environmental ServicesMany others provided assistance to the project and preparation of these Guidelines. These aretoo numerous to list here, but their valuable assistance is gratefully acknowledged.Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 – Edition 1.0 viii
FundingFunding of this project was provided by:• Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation• Goulburn-Murray Rural Water Authority• Queensland Department of Natural Resources.Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 – Edition 1.0 ix
Page 3 and 4: Your comments on the format and con
Page 5 and 6: During the course of this project,
Page 7: AcknowledgmentsThese Guidelines rep
Page 11 and 12: Table of ContentsBook 1SubjectPage
Page 13 and 14: 1. Introduction1.1 GeneralGood asse
Page 15 and 16: (iv) provide proven practice approa
Page 17 and 18: 3. Research Procedure3.1 Terms of R
Page 19 and 20: 4. How to use these Guidelines4.1 W
Page 21 and 22: 6. Units of MeasurementQuantity Uni
Page 23 and 24: 8. Earthen Irrigation Channels8.1 D
Page 25 and 26: 8.3 ReferencesAustralian National C
Page 27 and 28: 9.1 IntroductionA key input to adva
Page 29 and 30: Data from Goulburn-Murray Water’s
Page 31 and 32: General 1 2 3 4 5 6DescriptionRisk
Page 33 and 34: Channel BankSequential Deterioratio
Page 35 and 36: 9.2 ReferencesGutteridge Haskins &
Page 37 and 38: 10.2.3.1 Dispersive layer of materi
Page 39 and 40: Causes ofSpecific factorDeteriorati
Page 41 and 42: 10.1.2.5 BendsA bend in the channel
Page 43 and 44: 10.1.4.1 Construction techniqueIrri
Page 45 and 46: 10.1.5.4 Overtopping of banksIn ade
Page 47 and 48: In the past maintenance techniques
Page 49 and 50: Maintenance is a continuing require
Page 51 and 52: 10.1.7.4 Yabbies/fresh water crayfi
Page 54 and 55: Direct removal ofmaterial by entrai
Page 56 and 57: Figure 10.10 shows longitudinal cra
Page 58 and 59:
10.2.3.3 Irregular compaction - bri
Page 60 and 61:
10.3 ReferencesEmerson W (1996), pe
Page 62 and 63:
11.1 GeneralThe Investigation and P
Page 64 and 65:
iv) Available fill materials and, w
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12.15 Radius of Bends .............
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There are several ways a channel ca
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• Land acquisition extent and typ
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The investigation should generally
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• Backfill: 10% compaction factor
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1. Flow Area, A, is the cross-secti
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after ageing and weed growth. If an
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elationships may be the controlling
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These maximum velocities should be
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Thus channels are usually designed
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Some of the design issues that shou
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12.12.1.3 Best PracticeEither of th
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12.13.2 Channel MaintenanceIncrease
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along a channel. The depth of the w
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12.13.4.7 Change of AlignmentThe in
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12.15 Radius of Bends12.15.1 Flow A
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12.16 Channel Cross SectionThe cros
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Some irrigation authorities use one
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12.16.2 BanksChannel cross sections
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Unless the bank is very high, the s
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The stability of channel batters ca
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drop bars become difficult and time
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Both the height above the bed and t
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• enable maintenance of the chann
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- Access agreementsA description of
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13/08/02 19:2012.20 Channel Tenure
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13/08/02 19:20As with the damage to
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13/08/02 19:20Advantages of Protect
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- gates provide a better deterrent
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13/08/02 19:20When considering expo
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13/08/02 19:20A typical design draw
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13/08/02 19:20Sinclair Knight Merz
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13.1 IntroductionIn many irrigation
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For example, the initial constructi
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13.2.6 When to use Life Cycle Analy
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The timing of the life-cycle costin
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• assess cost of collecting missi
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Microsoft Excel has quite a good pr
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The costs used in these methods sho
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Life CyclePhaseInvestigationDesignC
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Life CyclePhaseMaintenanceRehabilit
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ReplacementProject managementInvest
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Residual valueLegal feesInsuranceAd
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13.4.6.2 Recurring CostsChannel con
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$1.00.80Percent ofValue of$1.00.60.
Page 156 and 157:
13.4.11 Evaluate ResultsThe results
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13.6 Tipsthe way open to incur sign
Page 160 and 161:
14. Risk AnalysisTable of ContentsS
Page 162 and 163:
Consequences for irrigation authori
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15. Material Selection and TestingT
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c) Shrinkage - will the bank crack
Page 168 and 169:
depth. For this reason, the soils o
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Natural moisture content should als
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The study identified some confusion
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15.4.2 Determination of the plastic
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1. Preparation of PatTake approxima
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EmersonClass No.Degree ofDispersion
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15.7.1 Coarse grained soilsIn this
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sufficient gravel for erosion resis
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GroupSymbolsSuitability for Earthen
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The uniform application and thoroug
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essential that the chemical is thor
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Where laboratory testing facilities
Page 192 and 193:
Clays are the plastic fines. They c
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etween the soil sample and the wate
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16. Compaction ControlTable of Cont
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16.1 PurposeDuring this research pr
Page 200 and 201:
All compaction equipment utilises s
Page 202 and 203:
The soil density required for a cha
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In the past, a method specification
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Low permeability and high stability
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16.10.1.1 Tamping Foot RollerTampin
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16.10.1.5 Non-Circular Impact Rolle
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16.10.3 Compactor OperationsAfter t
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16.11.4 Moisture Content ControlBef
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16.12 Density Control Tests and Pro
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Correlation with local materials an
Page 220 and 221:
The main advantages of the Nuclear
Page 222 and 223:
Figure 16.4Hilf Density Ratio Repor
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The location and test results for e
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16.14.3 Reporting and RecordsTest r
Page 228 and 229:
16.16 Tests for small projectsThe s
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The advantages of the Drop Test are
Page 232 and 233:
AS1289.6.3.2-1997AS1289.6.3.3-1997A
Page 234 and 235:
17. Protective CoverTable of Conten
Page 236 and 237:
The bank dries and cracks from the
Page 238 and 239:
17.5 Specifications17.5.1 GravelPar
Page 240 and 241:
17.6 Establish Vegetation CoverTops
Page 242 and 243:
Species Growing Conditions Establis
Page 244 and 245:
17.7.2 Rope Wick ApplicationMuch of
Page 246 and 247:
There are a number of fibre mats or
Page 248 and 249:
17.10 Australian StandardsAS1289.3.
Page 250 and 251:
18.1 IntroductionFor many earthen c
Page 252 and 253:
When re-shaping the batters of exis
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LifeCrestOld bank lineBattered bank
Page 256 and 257:
Photos\inside batter\CG7channel2arm
Page 258 and 259:
4. To help place the rock material
Page 260 and 261:
False ToeFigure 18.8Protective laye
Page 262 and 263:
The confinement system would be adv
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• Able to survive during non-oper
Page 266 and 267:
18.6 ReferencesHutchison D & Locke
Page 268 and 269:
19.20 Guidelines on Field Quality C
Page 270 and 271:
Construction and Refurbishment of E
Page 272 and 273:
• Figure 19.2)3. Temporary Bench
Page 274 and 275:
The capabilities and limitations of
Page 276 and 277:
19.3.1 Construction EquipmentThe ba
Page 278 and 279:
construction. The aim of scarifying
Page 280 and 281:
Whether or not a front-end loader o
Page 282 and 283:
The thickness of each layer will va
Page 284 and 285:
distribution. The use of alternativ
Page 286 and 287:
19.8 Construction RecordsAdequate r
Page 288 and 289:
19.12 Protective Cover on Crest and
Page 290 and 291:
19.21 Australian StandardsAS 1726-1
Page 292 and 293:
20.1 ScopeAustralia’s earthen irr
Page 294 and 295:
Bank re-construction normally requi
Page 296 and 297:
•meter outlet locations and type
Page 298 and 299:
In the case of channel bank refurbi
Page 300 and 301:
20.4.1.1 StrippingWith outside bank
Page 302 and 303:
All public roads to be used by truc
Page 304 and 305:
5. Material is delivered by trucks
Page 306 and 307:
Need to drain and de-waterEBM befor
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significantly and a more conservati
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Aim for crest width ofabout 2 metre
Page 312 and 313:
Refer to Section 18, Inside Batter
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21.8.10 Re-alignment ..............
Page 316 and 317:
Seepage is a complex hydrologic phe
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2. Seepage losses increase as the d
Page 320 and 321:
Refer also to the following section
Page 322 and 323:
21.4 Channel Seepage ConsequencesSe
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Channel seepage is one of the sever
Page 326 and 327:
Seepage is proportional to soil per
Page 328 and 329:
Methods based on vertical flow meas
Page 330 and 331:
ainfallPumpingevapotranspirationIrr
Page 332 and 333:
Flow NetsA flow net is a system of
Page 334 and 335:
Data from indirect measurement proc
Page 336 and 337:
(ii) EM SurveyElectro-magnetic (EM)
Page 338 and 339:
The volume of waterloss from the dr
Page 340 and 341:
21.7.3.2 Inflow-Outflow Method (Dyn
Page 342 and 343:
Imperfect seal will cause the meter
Page 344 and 345:
The groundwater level can then be d
Page 346 and 347:
Stable IsotopesThe basis of testing
Page 348 and 349:
To be most successful, there needs
Page 350 and 351:
21.8.6 Surface interception drainag
Page 352 and 353:
KeyWatertable before tree plantingW
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• The preparation of a best pract
Page 356 and 357:
21.11 ReferencesAustralian National
Page 358 and 359:
22. Channel LiningTable of Contents
Page 360 and 361:
22.1 IntroductionThe conservation o
Page 362 and 363:
The different types of channel lini
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Table 22-1Unlined Earthen Channels
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Lining of channels will not elimina
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To supply a given discharge, the cr
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22.4.5 Structural SafetyThe stabili
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soil pressures and under-drainage i
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Concrete linings are suitable for b
Page 376 and 377:
22.5.12 Availability of Constructio
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esistance to erosion. To improve th
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
Page 382 and 383:
22.7.1.2 General Design Considerati
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22.7.1.4 Lining ThicknessThe thickn
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particular problems, but in smaller
Page 388 and 389:
Where the earth lining finishes abo
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control where the channel material
Page 392 and 393:
sand requires about 5% cement by we
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22.7.6 Soil SealantsSoil sealants a
Page 396 and 397:
22.7.7 Cost of Earth LiningsThe cap
Page 398 and 399:
Although they can assist with shear
Page 400 and 401:
22.8.2 Membrane Liner TypesGeomembr
Page 402 and 403:
Polyethylene has also appeared in m
Page 404 and 405:
FPP resistance to common chemical e
Page 406 and 407:
The base coat and seal coat rates m
Page 408 and 409:
A common and misleading argument is
Page 410 and 411:
These thermal expansion and contrac
Page 412 and 413:
Another factor is the ability to ha
Page 414 and 415:
Some lining methods expand and cont
Page 416 and 417:
22.8.9.1 Geomembrane ThicknessThe t
Page 418 and 419:
Cover typeThickness ofEarth fill(m)
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22.8.9.5 Cover MaterialGeomembranes
Page 422 and 423:
As well, velocities which are permi
Page 424 and 425:
22.8.11 FencingWhen livestock, part
Page 426 and 427:
22.10 ReferencesAlther GR (1987), T
Page 428 and 429:
23. Measures to Reduce the Rate ofD
Page 430 and 431:
Channel DesignBank MaterialDeterior
Page 432 and 433:
Stock and VerminAdjacentlandholders
Page 434 and 435:
To ensure that a channel bank has a
Page 436 and 437:
Advantages of Draining• Allows fo
Page 438 and 439:
To efficiently maintain a channel,
Page 440 and 441:
Compared with other countries where
Page 442 and 443:
23.4.7 LeaksTransverse cracks are t
Page 444 and 445:
23.5 Reduction of Deterioration due
Page 446 and 447:
Photo 23-1Channel bed showing mumbl
Page 448 and 449:
Thus, control of carp by draining c
Page 450 and 451:
The disadvantages of a biological c
Page 452 and 453:
Carp have been blamed for erosion o
Page 454 and 455:
Management Groups gives guidelines
Page 456 and 457:
Organisation Contact Details Aims/A
Page 458 and 459:
Chemical treatment is often recomme
Page 460 and 461:
23.7 Reduction of Deterioration due
Page 462 and 463:
Grey Parrot Pea - Dillaynia cineres
Page 464 and 465:
Lodge G (1998), Review on Fish Barr
Page 466 and 467:
cation exchange capacity (CEC) a me
Page 468 and 469:
fetch the distance over which the w
Page 470 and 471:
plant term used for construction eq
Page 472:
supply level the supply level is a
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