construction and refurbishment of earthen irrigation channel banks

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22.8.2 Membrane Liner TypesGeomembranes liners are manufactured from a variety of materials in a variety ofways and this results in a wide range of properties which can be varied to suit theneeds of a particular application. An ideal geomembrane liner would have the ultravioletand chemical exposure resistance characteristics of High Density Polyethylene(HDPE), and the flexibility and mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC),in a thermally welded package. Unfortunately this ideal geomembrane is not yetavailable and it is necessary to work between a number of areas of compromise.In discussing the different types of geomembrane materials that are available theterms and descriptions that are in common use will sometimes be recognised bypolymer chemists and others as being less than strictly correct. These common termsare used below since the aim here is to convey meaning and understanding toengineers using the materials who are perhaps more familiar with construction usingsoils or concrete.The range of geomembranes available is extremely wide with new productsappearing regularly on the market from a range of manufacturers.The following are the more common types of geomembrane and a descriptivetabulation of properties is given in Table 22-6.22.8.2.1 PolyethyleneThe most common form of polyethylene used for liners is known as high-densitypolyethylene (HDPE) and is very similar to the material used in blackpolyethylene pipes. Strictly speaking it is based on a medium density resin butthe addition of carbon black tends to increase the density.HDPE is generally cost-effective over large areas but requires well preparedsurfaces.It has a very strongly crystallised structure, which contributes to its broadchemical resistance, and excellent UV resistance for which it is well known.However it is less well known for its lack of flexibility, its high coefficient ofthermal expansion and its brittle behaviour particularly in developing brittlestress cracking at low stresses.The base polymers have been developed to improve the Environmental StressCrack performance considerably in recent years but this is still an area worthy ofgreat care in design and seaming especially in the areas around extrusion filletwelds.HDPE seaming has embraced the hot wedge automatic welder which producesdual fusion track seams with great reliability and efficiency that can be readilytested by the air pressure test.These seams still require significant attention to seaming hygiene but are lessoperator dependent and create a less influential heat affected zone. The olderextrusion fillet welding method which creates a large heat affected zone is stillused mainly for details such as connections, T-junctions and patching. It requiresskilled operators for effective repair work in service.Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 22-43
Table 22-6 Flexible Membrane Liner ComparisonAttribute HDPE(smooth andThickness Range for generalChannel Lining useExpected life in years(exposed)Expected life in years(covered)textured)LLDPE(smooth andtextured)PVC(smooth andembossed)EIA CSPE –R(scrimreinforced)FPP SprayedBitumen0.75 – 1.5 mm 1.0 - 1.5 mm 0.5 - 1.0 mm 1.14 mm 0.8 – 1.5 mm 1.0 mm (unreinforced)1.14 mm (reinforced)20+ notrecommended10 - 20(depends uponformulation)GCL1.5 – 2.0 VariableL/m 220 not known 20 2-5 NA50+ not known 20 - 30 50+ not known 50+ 10 20+(longer if constantly hydrated)General Chemical Exposure Excellent Good Fair Excellent Excellent(when cured)Excellent Fair FairHydrocarbon Exposure Good Good Fair Excellent Good Good Poor Poor(when cured)WeatheringExcellent Fair Poor Excellent Excellent Excellent Fair Poor(UV Exposure)(when cured)Thermal Stability Poor Poor Good Good Excellent (when Good - excellent when Poor Goodreinforced) reinforcedTensile Performance Good Good Good Excellent Excellent Good - excellent when Poor GoodreinforcedUni-Axial Elongation Excellent Excellent Good Fair Good Excellent Poor FairPerformanceMulti-Axial Elongation Poor Excellent Excellent Fair Good Excellent Fair FairPerformancePuncture Performance Fair Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Good Fair GoodInstallation Damage / Fair Fair Excellent Good Good Excellent Fair GoodAbrasion ResistanceSprayed laps Laps onlySeaming Methods Thermal/ExcellentThermal/ExcellentThermal or Thermal/solvent bonding/ ExcellentGoodThermal orsolvent bonding/GoodRepair in Service Good Good Good Good Poor – requiresAdhesivesThermal/ExcellentExcellent Good NAStress Cracking Fair Good Does not occur Does not occur Does not occur Does not occur N.A. Does not occurFlexibility in Detailing Fair Excellent Good Good Good Excellent Good NARoll Cost Low Low/medium Medium High High Medium Low MediumConstruction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 22-44
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Your comments on the format and con
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During the course of this project,
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AcknowledgmentsThese Guidelines rep
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FundingFunding of this project was
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Table of ContentsBook 1SubjectPage
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1. Introduction1.1 GeneralGood asse
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(iv) provide proven practice approa
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3. Research Procedure3.1 Terms of R
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4. How to use these Guidelines4.1 W
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6. Units of MeasurementQuantity Uni
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8. Earthen Irrigation Channels8.1 D
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8.3 ReferencesAustralian National C
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9.1 IntroductionA key input to adva
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Data from Goulburn-Murray Water’s
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General 1 2 3 4 5 6DescriptionRisk
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Channel BankSequential Deterioratio
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9.2 ReferencesGutteridge Haskins &
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10.2.3.1 Dispersive layer of materi
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Causes ofSpecific factorDeteriorati
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10.1.2.5 BendsA bend in the channel
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10.1.4.1 Construction techniqueIrri
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10.1.5.4 Overtopping of banksIn ade
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In the past maintenance techniques
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Maintenance is a continuing require
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10.1.7.4 Yabbies/fresh water crayfi
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Direct removal ofmaterial by entrai
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Figure 10.10 shows longitudinal cra
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10.2.3.3 Irregular compaction - bri
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10.3 ReferencesEmerson W (1996), pe
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11.1 GeneralThe Investigation and P
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iv) Available fill materials and, w
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12.15 Radius of Bends .............
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There are several ways a channel ca
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• Land acquisition extent and typ
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The investigation should generally
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• Backfill: 10% compaction factor
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1. Flow Area, A, is the cross-secti
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after ageing and weed growth. If an
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elationships may be the controlling
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These maximum velocities should be
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Thus channels are usually designed
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Some of the design issues that shou
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12.12.1.3 Best PracticeEither of th
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12.13.2 Channel MaintenanceIncrease
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along a channel. The depth of the w
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12.13.4.7 Change of AlignmentThe in
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12.15 Radius of Bends12.15.1 Flow A
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12.16 Channel Cross SectionThe cros
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Some irrigation authorities use one
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12.16.2 BanksChannel cross sections
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Unless the bank is very high, the s
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The stability of channel batters ca
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drop bars become difficult and time
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Both the height above the bed and t
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• enable maintenance of the chann
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- Access agreementsA description of
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13/08/02 19:2012.20 Channel Tenure
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13/08/02 19:20As with the damage to
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13/08/02 19:20Advantages of Protect
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- gates provide a better deterrent
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13/08/02 19:20When considering expo
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13/08/02 19:20A typical design draw
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13/08/02 19:20Sinclair Knight Merz
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13.1 IntroductionIn many irrigation
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For example, the initial constructi
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13.2.6 When to use Life Cycle Analy
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The timing of the life-cycle costin
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• assess cost of collecting missi
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Microsoft Excel has quite a good pr
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The costs used in these methods sho
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Life CyclePhaseInvestigationDesignC
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Life CyclePhaseMaintenanceRehabilit
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ReplacementProject managementInvest
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Residual valueLegal feesInsuranceAd
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13.4.6.2 Recurring CostsChannel con
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$1.00.80Percent ofValue of$1.00.60.
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13.4.11 Evaluate ResultsThe results
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13.6 Tipsthe way open to incur sign
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14. Risk AnalysisTable of ContentsS
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Consequences for irrigation authori
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15. Material Selection and TestingT
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c) Shrinkage - will the bank crack
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depth. For this reason, the soils o
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Natural moisture content should als
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The study identified some confusion
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15.4.2 Determination of the plastic
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1. Preparation of PatTake approxima
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EmersonClass No.Degree ofDispersion
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15.7.1 Coarse grained soilsIn this
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sufficient gravel for erosion resis
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GroupSymbolsSuitability for Earthen
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The uniform application and thoroug
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essential that the chemical is thor
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Where laboratory testing facilities
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Clays are the plastic fines. They c
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etween the soil sample and the wate
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16. Compaction ControlTable of Cont
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16.1 PurposeDuring this research pr
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All compaction equipment utilises s
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The soil density required for a cha
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In the past, a method specification
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Low permeability and high stability
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16.10.1.1 Tamping Foot RollerTampin
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16.10.1.5 Non-Circular Impact Rolle
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16.10.3 Compactor OperationsAfter t
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16.11.4 Moisture Content ControlBef
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16.12 Density Control Tests and Pro
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Correlation with local materials an
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The main advantages of the Nuclear
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Figure 16.4Hilf Density Ratio Repor
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The location and test results for e
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16.14.3 Reporting and RecordsTest r
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16.16 Tests for small projectsThe s
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The advantages of the Drop Test are
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AS1289.6.3.2-1997AS1289.6.3.3-1997A
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17. Protective CoverTable of Conten
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The bank dries and cracks from the
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17.5 Specifications17.5.1 GravelPar
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17.6 Establish Vegetation CoverTops
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Species Growing Conditions Establis
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17.7.2 Rope Wick ApplicationMuch of
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There are a number of fibre mats or
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17.10 Australian StandardsAS1289.3.
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18.1 IntroductionFor many earthen c
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When re-shaping the batters of exis
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LifeCrestOld bank lineBattered bank
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Photos\inside batter\CG7channel2arm
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4. To help place the rock material
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False ToeFigure 18.8Protective laye
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The confinement system would be adv
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• Able to survive during non-oper
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18.6 ReferencesHutchison D & Locke
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19.20 Guidelines on Field Quality C
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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• Figure 19.2)3. Temporary Bench
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The capabilities and limitations of
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19.3.1 Construction EquipmentThe ba
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construction. The aim of scarifying
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Whether or not a front-end loader o
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The thickness of each layer will va
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distribution. The use of alternativ
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19.8 Construction RecordsAdequate r
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19.12 Protective Cover on Crest and
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19.21 Australian StandardsAS 1726-1
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20.1 ScopeAustralia’s earthen irr
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Bank re-construction normally requi
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•meter outlet locations and type
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In the case of channel bank refurbi
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20.4.1.1 StrippingWith outside bank
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All public roads to be used by truc
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5. Material is delivered by trucks
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Need to drain and de-waterEBM befor
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significantly and a more conservati
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Aim for crest width ofabout 2 metre
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Refer to Section 18, Inside Batter
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21.8.10 Re-alignment ..............
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Seepage is a complex hydrologic phe
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2. Seepage losses increase as the d
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Refer also to the following section
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21.4 Channel Seepage ConsequencesSe
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Channel seepage is one of the sever
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Seepage is proportional to soil per
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Methods based on vertical flow meas
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ainfallPumpingevapotranspirationIrr
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Flow NetsA flow net is a system of
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Data from indirect measurement proc
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(ii) EM SurveyElectro-magnetic (EM)
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The volume of waterloss from the dr
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21.7.3.2 Inflow-Outflow Method (Dyn
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Imperfect seal will cause the meter
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The groundwater level can then be d
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Stable IsotopesThe basis of testing
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To be most successful, there needs
Page 350 and 351: 21.8.6 Surface interception drainag
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Page 354 and 355: • The preparation of a best pract
Page 356 and 357: 21.11 ReferencesAustralian National
Page 358 and 359: 22. Channel LiningTable of Contents
Page 360 and 361: 22.1 IntroductionThe conservation o
Page 362 and 363: The different types of channel lini
Page 364 and 365: Table 22-1Unlined Earthen Channels
Page 366 and 367: Lining of channels will not elimina
Page 368 and 369: To supply a given discharge, the cr
Page 370 and 371: 22.4.5 Structural SafetyThe stabili
Page 372 and 373: soil pressures and under-drainage i
Page 374 and 375: Concrete linings are suitable for b
Page 376 and 377: 22.5.12 Availability of Constructio
Page 378 and 379: esistance to erosion. To improve th
Page 380 and 381: Construction and Refurbishment of E
Page 382 and 383: 22.7.1.2 General Design Considerati
Page 384 and 385: 22.7.1.4 Lining ThicknessThe thickn
Page 386 and 387: particular problems, but in smaller
Page 388 and 389: Where the earth lining finishes abo
Page 390 and 391: control where the channel material
Page 392 and 393: sand requires about 5% cement by we
Page 394 and 395: 22.7.6 Soil SealantsSoil sealants a
Page 396 and 397: 22.7.7 Cost of Earth LiningsThe cap
Page 398 and 399: Although they can assist with shear
Page 402 and 403: Polyethylene has also appeared in m
Page 404 and 405: FPP resistance to common chemical e
Page 406 and 407: The base coat and seal coat rates m
Page 408 and 409: A common and misleading argument is
Page 410 and 411: These thermal expansion and contrac
Page 412 and 413: Another factor is the ability to ha
Page 414 and 415: Some lining methods expand and cont
Page 416 and 417: 22.8.9.1 Geomembrane ThicknessThe t
Page 418 and 419: Cover typeThickness ofEarth fill(m)
Page 420 and 421: 22.8.9.5 Cover MaterialGeomembranes
Page 422 and 423: As well, velocities which are permi
Page 424 and 425: 22.8.11 FencingWhen livestock, part
Page 426 and 427: 22.10 ReferencesAlther GR (1987), T
Page 428 and 429: 23. Measures to Reduce the Rate ofD
Page 430 and 431: Channel DesignBank MaterialDeterior
Page 432 and 433: Stock and VerminAdjacentlandholders
Page 434 and 435: To ensure that a channel bank has a
Page 436 and 437: Advantages of Draining• Allows fo
Page 438 and 439: To efficiently maintain a channel,
Page 440 and 441: Compared with other countries where
Page 442 and 443: 23.4.7 LeaksTransverse cracks are t
Page 444 and 445: 23.5 Reduction of Deterioration due
Page 446 and 447: Photo 23-1Channel bed showing mumbl
Page 448 and 449: Thus, control of carp by draining c
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The disadvantages of a biological c
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Carp have been blamed for erosion o
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Management Groups gives guidelines
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Organisation Contact Details Aims/A
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Chemical treatment is often recomme
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23.7 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Grey Parrot Pea - Dillaynia cineres
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Lodge G (1998), Review on Fish Barr
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cation exchange capacity (CEC) a me
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fetch the distance over which the w
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plant term used for construction eq
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supply level the supply level is a
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