construction and refurbishment of earthen irrigation channel banks

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13/08/02 19:20As with the damage to the inside batter, the outside batter may be eroded by stockwalking up and down the bank. In time, the phreatic surface may be breachedcausing leaks through the bank.Light stocking rates may be acceptable in some irrigation areas in order to reducevegetation growth which may become a fire hazard and habitat for noxious weedsand vermin.12.21.1.2 Damage due to adjacent land use practiceAdjacent farm operations may also increase maintenance costs and adverselyeffect the life of an earthen channel bank as follows:- using the bank as a farm access track for stock and vehicles- using bank as a headland around crops- locating farm irrigation channels immediately adjacent to the authority’schannel bank, so only one farm bank is required.- ‘borrowing’ of earth from the back of bank for farm use- storage of farming equipment or use as a rubbish dump- encroachment of channel tenure for croppingThe phreatic surface of the bank may be breached if earth from the outside batteris removed or if a farm channel is located nearby. This will cause the bank tobegin leaking which may lead to a piping failure of the channel bank.12.21.1.3 Unauthorised public accessUnauthorised access which may impact on channel bank includes:- Potholes and ruts on the crest and outside batters caused by vehicles- Dumping of rubbish which may impede access for operations and maintenance12.21.1.4 Waterway contaminationThe potential adverse environmental and water quality impacts caused by stockand other unauthorised access are:- contamination through the deposition of animal faeces directly into thewaterway- increased turbidity and nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) in the channelwater- increased possibility of toxic blue-green algae- spread of bacterial and viral diseases; eg Johnes Disease- spread of parasite eggs and cysts; eg Liver fluke- dead stock in channel causing general health risks- increased weed growth- chemical pollutants, such as spills from farm chemicals.- increased health risks to other farms and downstream water users12.21.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Protective FencingConstruction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 12-54
13/08/02 19:20The asset protection and water quality benefits of fencing a channel need to beweighed up against the initial capital cost and ongoing maintenance costs.The advantages of fencing are summarised in Table 12-13.Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 12-55
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Your comments on the format and con
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During the course of this project,
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AcknowledgmentsThese Guidelines rep
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FundingFunding of this project was
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Table of ContentsBook 1SubjectPage
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1. Introduction1.1 GeneralGood asse
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(iv) provide proven practice approa
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3. Research Procedure3.1 Terms of R
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4. How to use these Guidelines4.1 W
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6. Units of MeasurementQuantity Uni
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8. Earthen Irrigation Channels8.1 D
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8.3 ReferencesAustralian National C
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9.1 IntroductionA key input to adva
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Data from Goulburn-Murray Water’s
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General 1 2 3 4 5 6DescriptionRisk
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Channel BankSequential Deterioratio
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9.2 ReferencesGutteridge Haskins &
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10.2.3.1 Dispersive layer of materi
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Causes ofSpecific factorDeteriorati
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10.1.2.5 BendsA bend in the channel
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10.1.4.1 Construction techniqueIrri
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10.1.5.4 Overtopping of banksIn ade
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In the past maintenance techniques
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Maintenance is a continuing require
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10.1.7.4 Yabbies/fresh water crayfi
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Direct removal ofmaterial by entrai
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Figure 10.10 shows longitudinal cra
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10.2.3.3 Irregular compaction - bri
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10.3 ReferencesEmerson W (1996), pe
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11.1 GeneralThe Investigation and P
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iv) Available fill materials and, w
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12.15 Radius of Bends .............
Page 68 and 69: There are several ways a channel ca
Page 70 and 71: • Land acquisition extent and typ
Page 72 and 73: The investigation should generally
Page 74 and 75: • Backfill: 10% compaction factor
Page 76 and 77: 1. Flow Area, A, is the cross-secti
Page 78 and 79: after ageing and weed growth. If an
Page 80 and 81: elationships may be the controlling
Page 82 and 83: These maximum velocities should be
Page 84 and 85: Thus channels are usually designed
Page 86 and 87: Some of the design issues that shou
Page 88 and 89: 12.12.1.3 Best PracticeEither of th
Page 90 and 91: 12.13.2 Channel MaintenanceIncrease
Page 92 and 93: along a channel. The depth of the w
Page 94 and 95: 12.13.4.7 Change of AlignmentThe in
Page 96 and 97: 12.15 Radius of Bends12.15.1 Flow A
Page 98 and 99: 12.16 Channel Cross SectionThe cros
Page 100 and 101: Some irrigation authorities use one
Page 102 and 103: 12.16.2 BanksChannel cross sections
Page 104 and 105: Unless the bank is very high, the s
Page 106 and 107: The stability of channel batters ca
Page 108 and 109: drop bars become difficult and time
Page 110 and 111: Both the height above the bed and t
Page 112 and 113: • enable maintenance of the chann
Page 114 and 115: - Access agreementsA description of
Page 116 and 117: 13/08/02 19:2012.20 Channel Tenure
Page 120 and 121: 13/08/02 19:20Advantages of Protect
Page 122 and 123: - gates provide a better deterrent
Page 124 and 125: 13/08/02 19:20When considering expo
Page 126 and 127: 13/08/02 19:20A typical design draw
Page 128 and 129: 13/08/02 19:20Sinclair Knight Merz
Page 130 and 131: 13.1 IntroductionIn many irrigation
Page 132 and 133: For example, the initial constructi
Page 134 and 135: 13.2.6 When to use Life Cycle Analy
Page 136 and 137: The timing of the life-cycle costin
Page 138 and 139: • assess cost of collecting missi
Page 140 and 141: Microsoft Excel has quite a good pr
Page 142 and 143: The costs used in these methods sho
Page 144 and 145: Life CyclePhaseInvestigationDesignC
Page 146 and 147: Life CyclePhaseMaintenanceRehabilit
Page 148 and 149: ReplacementProject managementInvest
Page 150 and 151: Residual valueLegal feesInsuranceAd
Page 152 and 153: 13.4.6.2 Recurring CostsChannel con
Page 154 and 155: $1.00.80Percent ofValue of$1.00.60.
Page 156 and 157: 13.4.11 Evaluate ResultsThe results
Page 158 and 159: 13.6 Tipsthe way open to incur sign
Page 160 and 161: 14. Risk AnalysisTable of ContentsS
Page 162 and 163: Consequences for irrigation authori
Page 164 and 165: 15. Material Selection and TestingT
Page 166 and 167: c) Shrinkage - will the bank crack
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depth. For this reason, the soils o
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Natural moisture content should als
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The study identified some confusion
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15.4.2 Determination of the plastic
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1. Preparation of PatTake approxima
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EmersonClass No.Degree ofDispersion
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15.7.1 Coarse grained soilsIn this
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sufficient gravel for erosion resis
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GroupSymbolsSuitability for Earthen
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The uniform application and thoroug
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essential that the chemical is thor
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Where laboratory testing facilities
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Clays are the plastic fines. They c
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etween the soil sample and the wate
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16. Compaction ControlTable of Cont
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16.1 PurposeDuring this research pr
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All compaction equipment utilises s
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The soil density required for a cha
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In the past, a method specification
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Low permeability and high stability
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16.10.1.1 Tamping Foot RollerTampin
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16.10.1.5 Non-Circular Impact Rolle
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16.10.3 Compactor OperationsAfter t
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16.11.4 Moisture Content ControlBef
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16.12 Density Control Tests and Pro
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Correlation with local materials an
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The main advantages of the Nuclear
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Figure 16.4Hilf Density Ratio Repor
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The location and test results for e
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16.14.3 Reporting and RecordsTest r
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16.16 Tests for small projectsThe s
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The advantages of the Drop Test are
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AS1289.6.3.2-1997AS1289.6.3.3-1997A
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17. Protective CoverTable of Conten
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The bank dries and cracks from the
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17.5 Specifications17.5.1 GravelPar
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17.6 Establish Vegetation CoverTops
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Species Growing Conditions Establis
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17.7.2 Rope Wick ApplicationMuch of
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There are a number of fibre mats or
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17.10 Australian StandardsAS1289.3.
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18.1 IntroductionFor many earthen c
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When re-shaping the batters of exis
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LifeCrestOld bank lineBattered bank
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Photos\inside batter\CG7channel2arm
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4. To help place the rock material
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False ToeFigure 18.8Protective laye
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The confinement system would be adv
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• Able to survive during non-oper
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18.6 ReferencesHutchison D & Locke
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19.20 Guidelines on Field Quality C
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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• Figure 19.2)3. Temporary Bench
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The capabilities and limitations of
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19.3.1 Construction EquipmentThe ba
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construction. The aim of scarifying
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Whether or not a front-end loader o
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The thickness of each layer will va
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distribution. The use of alternativ
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19.8 Construction RecordsAdequate r
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19.12 Protective Cover on Crest and
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19.21 Australian StandardsAS 1726-1
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20.1 ScopeAustralia’s earthen irr
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Bank re-construction normally requi
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•meter outlet locations and type
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In the case of channel bank refurbi
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20.4.1.1 StrippingWith outside bank
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All public roads to be used by truc
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5. Material is delivered by trucks
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Need to drain and de-waterEBM befor
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significantly and a more conservati
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Aim for crest width ofabout 2 metre
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Refer to Section 18, Inside Batter
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21.8.10 Re-alignment ..............
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Seepage is a complex hydrologic phe
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2. Seepage losses increase as the d
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Refer also to the following section
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21.4 Channel Seepage ConsequencesSe
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Channel seepage is one of the sever
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Seepage is proportional to soil per
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Methods based on vertical flow meas
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ainfallPumpingevapotranspirationIrr
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Flow NetsA flow net is a system of
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Data from indirect measurement proc
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(ii) EM SurveyElectro-magnetic (EM)
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The volume of waterloss from the dr
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21.7.3.2 Inflow-Outflow Method (Dyn
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Imperfect seal will cause the meter
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The groundwater level can then be d
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Stable IsotopesThe basis of testing
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To be most successful, there needs
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21.8.6 Surface interception drainag
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KeyWatertable before tree plantingW
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• The preparation of a best pract
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21.11 ReferencesAustralian National
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22. Channel LiningTable of Contents
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22.1 IntroductionThe conservation o
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The different types of channel lini
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Table 22-1Unlined Earthen Channels
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Lining of channels will not elimina
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To supply a given discharge, the cr
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22.4.5 Structural SafetyThe stabili
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soil pressures and under-drainage i
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Concrete linings are suitable for b
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22.5.12 Availability of Constructio
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esistance to erosion. To improve th
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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22.7.1.2 General Design Considerati
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22.7.1.4 Lining ThicknessThe thickn
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particular problems, but in smaller
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Where the earth lining finishes abo
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control where the channel material
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sand requires about 5% cement by we
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22.7.6 Soil SealantsSoil sealants a
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22.7.7 Cost of Earth LiningsThe cap
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Although they can assist with shear
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22.8.2 Membrane Liner TypesGeomembr
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Polyethylene has also appeared in m
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FPP resistance to common chemical e
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The base coat and seal coat rates m
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A common and misleading argument is
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These thermal expansion and contrac
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Another factor is the ability to ha
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Some lining methods expand and cont
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22.8.9.1 Geomembrane ThicknessThe t
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Cover typeThickness ofEarth fill(m)
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22.8.9.5 Cover MaterialGeomembranes
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As well, velocities which are permi
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22.8.11 FencingWhen livestock, part
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22.10 ReferencesAlther GR (1987), T
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23. Measures to Reduce the Rate ofD
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Channel DesignBank MaterialDeterior
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Stock and VerminAdjacentlandholders
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To ensure that a channel bank has a
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Advantages of Draining• Allows fo
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To efficiently maintain a channel,
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Compared with other countries where
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23.4.7 LeaksTransverse cracks are t
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23.5 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Photo 23-1Channel bed showing mumbl
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Thus, control of carp by draining c
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The disadvantages of a biological c
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Carp have been blamed for erosion o
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Management Groups gives guidelines
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Organisation Contact Details Aims/A
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Chemical treatment is often recomme
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23.7 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Grey Parrot Pea - Dillaynia cineres
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Lodge G (1998), Review on Fish Barr
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cation exchange capacity (CEC) a me
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fetch the distance over which the w
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plant term used for construction eq
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supply level the supply level is a
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