construction and refurbishment of earthen irrigation channel banks

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Your comments on the format and contents of this first edition, including areas for improvementor updating are invited and can be sent to:Manager Irrigation Technical ServicesGoulburn-Murray WaterPO Box 165TATURA Vic 3616They will be acknowledged and, as far as possible, taken account of in subsequent editions.Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 – Edition 1.0 iii
Page 4 and 5: ForwardAustralia’s irrigation ass
Page 6 and 7: AbstractThe need to reduce the life
Page 8 and 9: State Irrigation Authority AreaVict
Page 10 and 11: Amendment ListAmendmentNumberIssueD
Page 12 and 13: Book 2 - SpecificationsSpecificatio
Page 14 and 15: Earthen Channel practices of proven
Page 16 and 17: 2. Background to these GuidelinesTh
Page 18 and 19: 4. establishment of a network of ke
Page 20 and 21: 5. AcronymsDNREG-MWLWRRDCQDNRSCADAS
Page 22 and 23: 7. SymbolsABCaCECDECareabed width (
Page 24 and 25: authorities for the ANCID Seepage P
Page 26 and 27: 9. Channel Bank LivesTable of Conte
Page 28 and 29: New ChannelEnd of LifeFigure 9.1Typ
Page 30 and 31: • amount of vegetation and weed g
Page 32 and 33: Cost$Initial Construction CostRehab
Page 34 and 35: • Rehabilitate - During this phas
Page 36 and 37: 10 Channel Bank DeteriorationTable
Page 38 and 39: 10.1 Causes of Channel Bank Deterio
Page 40 and 41: Government schemes generally have a
Page 42 and 43: Also the channel water chemistry wi
Page 44 and 45: • encourages weed growth which ca
Page 46 and 47: This is primarily a structure issue
Page 48 and 49: 10.1.6.5 Adjacent treesTrees can ha
Page 50 and 51: 10.1.7.2 FencingFencing is recommen
Page 52:
10.1.9 EnvironmentEnvironmental det
Page 55 and 56:
These shrinkage cracks develop in a
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 10.11Piping through bankThe
Page 59 and 60:
10.2.4 TunnellingAn investigation f
Page 61 and 62:
11. Planning and InvestigationTable
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emedial works that might be require
Page 65 and 66:
12. Earthen Channel DesignTable of
Page 67 and 68:
12.1 IntroductionOperation and main
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The detailed design issues include
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A range of factors influence the de
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) Low density or potentially collap
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In channels, steady flow may be uni
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The product of the velocity and are
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Table 12-4 sets out a systematic me
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Higher velocities can be permissibl
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The type of rock beaching (sized gr
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 12-4 illustrates the princip
Page 87 and 88:
Where the bank level is based on th
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Settlement due to material consolid
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The mechanics of wave generation ar
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2. This table is for a channel 1.5
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- risk allowance- wave setup (S)- h
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Numerous criteria are used by irrig
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The water section must be able to c
Page 101 and 102:
Close attention needs to be paid to
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height required to ensure that the
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In serious cases, a large section o
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The general equation for a parabola
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In new channel construction, if the
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The side of the channel selected fo
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Tight specifications and constructi
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• The authority cannot enforce fe
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13/08/02 19:20However, fencing of c
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13/08/02 19:20The asset protection
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13/08/02 19:20The disadvantages of
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13/08/02 19:20Fence TypeDescription
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13/08/02 19:2012.23 Design Drawings
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13/08/02 19:2012.25 ReferencesBrate
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13. Life Cycle Cost AnalysisTable o
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InvestigationDesignConstructionOper
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New ConditionAssetConditionRehabili
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CashFlowInvestigation,DesignConstru
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Develop Analysis PlanSee Section 13
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in some cases to compare all the op
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• engineering assessment• profe
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Timing of costs is important as ear
Page 145 and 146:
Life CyclePhaseConstruction(cont)Op
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ConsultationSurvey and set outLife
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Wet weather and climatic risksRisks
Page 151 and 152:
It is known that maintenance costs
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than the general cost inflation. It
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The life-cycle cost outputs should
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Life Cycle Cost AnalysisAlternative
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13.7 ReferencesAssociation of Local
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14.1 IntroductionBefore commencing
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HIGHHConsequences of FailureMMEDIUM
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15.1 IntroductionChannel banks can
Page 167 and 168:
Photo 15-1Excavator at borrow pitTh
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GOULBURN-MURRAY WATER SOILS LABORAT
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The Unified Soil Classification sys
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COARSE-GRAINEDSOILSMore thanhalf of
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15.5 ShrinkageProper boundary class
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There is a tendency for certain cla
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composition of water for the irriga
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optimum moisture content. (Optimum
Page 183 and 184:
For these limits no special treatme
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15.9.2 ShrinkageFat clays (expansiv
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It is generally not practical to se
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composition of fly ash varies consi
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Hand-Rolling testClassification of
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lose some moisture by evaporation.
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15.12 Australian StandardsAS1726-19
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16.12.3.1 Normal Method ...........
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• Increased stability - The maxim
Page 201 and 202:
Dry Densityof SoilMaximumDryDensity
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As a general guide the thickness of
Page 205 and 206:
If the number of compaction passes
Page 207 and 208:
Tight specifications and constructi
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Tests indicate little change in den
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Photos\construction\cg9 dozer sprea
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16.11.2 Determine field moisture co
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16.11.4.1 Increasing Water ContentI
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There are two forms of this test: S
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Table 16-2 Comparison of Field Dens
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The Hilf Density Ratio = Field Wet
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AdvantagesCost - instrument relativ
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Type of EarthworksType Description1
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16.15 Acceptance of Test ResultsThe
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With small projects it may be appro
Page 231 and 232:
16.17 Australian StandardsAS1289.2.
Page 233 and 234:
16.18 ReferencesCummins PJ (1984),
Page 235 and 236:
17.1 IntroductionIt is important th
Page 237 and 238:
ProtectiveCoverMaterialGravel Refer
Page 239 and 240:
Coarse grained sand is recommended
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Vegetation to be encouraged on chan
Page 243 and 244:
17.6.4 Issues to consider before ve
Page 245 and 246:
Process Application Advantages Disa
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YesIs Channel Bankused as AccessLay
Page 249 and 250:
18. Inside Batter TreatmentTable of
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ErodedchannelprofileBankundercutBot
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erodedchannelprofileReinstatementof
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Depending on the material suitabili
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Smooth or grounded gravel will have
Page 259 and 260:
18.4.1.6 Use of GeotextileA geotext
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With the velocities encountered in
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18.5 VegetationVegetation of the ri
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18.5.2 Decision Making CriteriaThe
Page 267 and 268:
19. Channel Bank ConstructionTable
Page 269 and 270:
19.1 IntroductionThis section sets
Page 271 and 272:
RD 246BoundaryCentrelineBoundaryTan
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Red - all reference pegs and stakes
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
Page 277 and 278:
19.5 Site Preparation19.5.1 Clearin
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A hydraulic excavator working along
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When a cubic metre of material is c
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worked until the specified results
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19.6.8 Batter slopescompaction. Re-
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19.9 Final check surveyWhen constru
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19.18 Site RestorationRestoration o
Page 291 and 292:
20. Channel Bank RefurbishmentTable
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2. Cost to Authority• high operat
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•outfalls•proximity to urban de
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20.3.1.2 SurveysSurvey is required
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channels are operating and so avoid
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20.4.1.2 ExcavationExcavation may c
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Existing siltto be removed3000Prote
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For economic construction, borrow m
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ank and the crest. The EBM then act
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anks. The typical process of bank r
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PhotosPyramid Hill Channel 16/1 bef
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21. Channel SeepageTable of Content
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21.1 IntroductionBecause earthen ir
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Since many of these factors are clo
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21.3.1 PermeabilityA high permeabil
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In the case where the groundwater i
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Where a channel has relatively high
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The second measurement unit is comm
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Soil permeability can be measured i
Page 329 and 330:
21.6.1.3 Laboratory methods of meas
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• the degree of saturation of the
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A reliable groundwater process mode
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In high watertable areas even a sma
Page 337 and 338:
Indirect measurements is based on a
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• Changing inflows and outflows,
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• Skilled hydrographers are requi
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• Wave action and channel level c
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Once the relationship between chann
Page 347 and 348:
Each of these methods has its inher
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High energy impact rollers are able
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Groundwater interception is effecti
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21.10 Further ResearchIn October 19
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21.10.4 Further InformationFurther
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Kishel J (1993), Lining the All-Ame
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22.8.1 Description ................
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United States references give a wid
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In view of the high cost, decisions
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around the world are typically 20 t
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22.4.2 Soil Waterlogging and Salini
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Earthen linings and buried geomembr
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• Channel size and importance•
Page 373 and 374:
In many Australian irrigation schem
Page 375 and 376:
However, the cost of more imperviou
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Careful consideration of the future
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
The suitability of materials for ea
Page 385 and 386:
These thicknesses point to one of t
Page 387 and 388:
Refer to Section 16, Compaction Con
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can be difficult to distinguish bet
Page 391 and 392:
damage in a channel situation and a
Page 393 and 394:
3. When the required final water co
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viable alternative or the use of so
Page 397 and 398:
22.8 Flexible Membrane Linings22.8.
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Potential fire damage is another is
Page 401 and 402:
Table 22-6 Flexible Membrane Liner
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PVC is very flexible, easy to handl
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GCL’s have the advantage of relat
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during construction and initial use
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Figure 22.7Multiaxial Burst22.8.4.2
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the length of the channel rather th
Page 413 and 414:
Edge fixing and adequate freeboard
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product can be used successfully in
Page 417 and 418:
Generally the native soil subgrade
Page 419 and 420:
The use of a parabolic section for
Page 421 and 422:
The thickness of the earth cover fo
Page 423 and 424:
Some lining materials expand and co
Page 425 and 426:
Whether or not a covered geomembran
Page 427 and 428:
Row D (2000), District Engineer - B
Page 429 and 430:
23.6.1.1 Draining of Channels......
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Deterioration FactorInvestigation&
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23.2 Reduction of Deterioration - C
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Unless the inside batters are prote
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ErosionRillingWave ActionCarp Actio
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In as much as uncorrected minor mai
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Where sufficient bank width exists,
Page 443 and 444:
Channel operation and maintenance a
Page 445 and 446:
were in decline before carp became
Page 447 and 448:
Female carp mature at 2-4 years and
Page 449 and 450:
Electro-fishing is generally not co
Page 451 and 452:
23.5.8.2 Electrical BarriersElectri
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23.5.11 Strategy to prevent damage
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and operating procedures designed t
Page 457 and 458:
Yabbies are omnivorous but primaril
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• Good access to bank required•
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• native to the area where possib
Page 463 and 464:
23.8 ReferencesAgriculture, Fisheri
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24. Glossaryabsorption sorption int
Page 467 and 468:
oughness factor. In each case, this
Page 469 and 470:
unit hydraulic gradient and has the
Page 471 and 472:
• repeated wetting and drying of
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