construction and refurbishment of earthen irrigation channel banks

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• The preparation of a best practice guidelines manual for the quantification andmeasurement of channel seepage.Stage 1 has progressed to the point where reports are now available on currentknowledge and procedures used in the rural water industry, a report on a literaturereview of seepage measurement techniques and a draft version of the updatedANCID Rural Water Industry Terminology and Units booklet. These products willbe available on ANCID’s website (www.ancid.org.au) from November, 2000.Copies are now available in CD format from the Stage 1 contact. Refer Section21.10.4.21.10.2 Stage 2 – Channel Seepage Remedial WorksThe Stage 2 project is designed to target remedial actions appropriate to repairchannels to reduce seepage losses. This project is therefore focussing on bestpractice standards in construction techniques. The key activities are expected to be:• Review the current national and international work practices.• Examine different remedial techniques using field trials.• Prepare a best practice manual giving guidelines and techniques for remedialconstruction measures.• Release for review the project outputs at a future ANCID Workshop, coordinatedwith the third stage of the project.21.10.3 Stage 3 – Decision Support SystemOne concern raised by the water industry has been the difficulty in decidingwhether it is justified to expend considerable funds on repairing channels sufferingfrom seepage. The known issues relate to not only the construction costs but alsomeasures necessary to quantify the value of water savings. Social issues as well asbenefits to the local environment including changes to the local groundwaterregimes, associated surface soil health and bio-diversity are all to be considered.The third stage of the project is targeted at providing the tools to undertake thedetailed justification analysis. This project is expected to involve the following:• Development and documentation of a suitable integrated and interactive tool thatcan be used as a practical guide to investing in channel seepage controlinvestigations and remedial works programs.• Linking the tool to the World Wide Web to obtain up to date information and is tobe supported with audio and visual aids for training users• Demonstrate the tool at one of the above-mentioned workshops for review beforeconsolidating and releasing it to industry.Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 – Edition 1.0 21-42
21.10.4 Further InformationFurther information can be obtained from the ANCID website (www.ancid.org.au)or from the following:Stage 1 Project:Stage 2 Project:Stage 3 Project:Mr Peter W JacksonWimmera Mallee WaterPO Box 19HORSHAM VIC 3402Email: peterjac@wmwater.org.auMr Evangel AseervathamMurray Irrigation443 Charlotte StreetDENILIQUIN NSW 2710Email: evangela@murrayirrigation.com.auMr Kevin DevlinDNR State Water ProjectsPMB 5013AYR Qld 4807Email: Kev.Devlin@dnr.qld.gov.auConstruction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 – Edition 1.0 21-43
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Your comments on the format and con
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During the course of this project,
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AcknowledgmentsThese Guidelines rep
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FundingFunding of this project was
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Table of ContentsBook 1SubjectPage
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1. Introduction1.1 GeneralGood asse
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(iv) provide proven practice approa
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3. Research Procedure3.1 Terms of R
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4. How to use these Guidelines4.1 W
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6. Units of MeasurementQuantity Uni
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8. Earthen Irrigation Channels8.1 D
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8.3 ReferencesAustralian National C
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9.1 IntroductionA key input to adva
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Data from Goulburn-Murray Water’s
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General 1 2 3 4 5 6DescriptionRisk
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Channel BankSequential Deterioratio
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9.2 ReferencesGutteridge Haskins &
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10.2.3.1 Dispersive layer of materi
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Causes ofSpecific factorDeteriorati
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10.1.2.5 BendsA bend in the channel
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10.1.4.1 Construction techniqueIrri
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10.1.5.4 Overtopping of banksIn ade
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In the past maintenance techniques
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Maintenance is a continuing require
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10.1.7.4 Yabbies/fresh water crayfi
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Direct removal ofmaterial by entrai
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Figure 10.10 shows longitudinal cra
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10.2.3.3 Irregular compaction - bri
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10.3 ReferencesEmerson W (1996), pe
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11.1 GeneralThe Investigation and P
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iv) Available fill materials and, w
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12.15 Radius of Bends .............
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There are several ways a channel ca
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• Land acquisition extent and typ
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The investigation should generally
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• Backfill: 10% compaction factor
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1. Flow Area, A, is the cross-secti
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after ageing and weed growth. If an
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elationships may be the controlling
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These maximum velocities should be
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Thus channels are usually designed
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Some of the design issues that shou
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12.12.1.3 Best PracticeEither of th
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12.13.2 Channel MaintenanceIncrease
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along a channel. The depth of the w
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12.13.4.7 Change of AlignmentThe in
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12.15 Radius of Bends12.15.1 Flow A
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12.16 Channel Cross SectionThe cros
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Some irrigation authorities use one
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12.16.2 BanksChannel cross sections
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Unless the bank is very high, the s
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The stability of channel batters ca
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drop bars become difficult and time
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Both the height above the bed and t
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• enable maintenance of the chann
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- Access agreementsA description of
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13/08/02 19:2012.20 Channel Tenure
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13/08/02 19:20As with the damage to
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13/08/02 19:20Advantages of Protect
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- gates provide a better deterrent
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13/08/02 19:20When considering expo
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13/08/02 19:20A typical design draw
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13/08/02 19:20Sinclair Knight Merz
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13.1 IntroductionIn many irrigation
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For example, the initial constructi
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13.2.6 When to use Life Cycle Analy
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The timing of the life-cycle costin
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• assess cost of collecting missi
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Microsoft Excel has quite a good pr
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The costs used in these methods sho
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Life CyclePhaseInvestigationDesignC
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Life CyclePhaseMaintenanceRehabilit
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ReplacementProject managementInvest
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Residual valueLegal feesInsuranceAd
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13.4.6.2 Recurring CostsChannel con
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$1.00.80Percent ofValue of$1.00.60.
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13.4.11 Evaluate ResultsThe results
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13.6 Tipsthe way open to incur sign
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14. Risk AnalysisTable of ContentsS
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Consequences for irrigation authori
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15. Material Selection and TestingT
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c) Shrinkage - will the bank crack
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depth. For this reason, the soils o
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Natural moisture content should als
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The study identified some confusion
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15.4.2 Determination of the plastic
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1. Preparation of PatTake approxima
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EmersonClass No.Degree ofDispersion
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15.7.1 Coarse grained soilsIn this
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sufficient gravel for erosion resis
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GroupSymbolsSuitability for Earthen
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The uniform application and thoroug
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essential that the chemical is thor
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Where laboratory testing facilities
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Clays are the plastic fines. They c
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etween the soil sample and the wate
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16. Compaction ControlTable of Cont
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16.1 PurposeDuring this research pr
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All compaction equipment utilises s
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The soil density required for a cha
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In the past, a method specification
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Low permeability and high stability
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16.10.1.1 Tamping Foot RollerTampin
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16.10.1.5 Non-Circular Impact Rolle
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16.10.3 Compactor OperationsAfter t
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16.11.4 Moisture Content ControlBef
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16.12 Density Control Tests and Pro
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Correlation with local materials an
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The main advantages of the Nuclear
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Figure 16.4Hilf Density Ratio Repor
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The location and test results for e
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16.14.3 Reporting and RecordsTest r
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16.16 Tests for small projectsThe s
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The advantages of the Drop Test are
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AS1289.6.3.2-1997AS1289.6.3.3-1997A
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17. Protective CoverTable of Conten
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The bank dries and cracks from the
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17.5 Specifications17.5.1 GravelPar
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17.6 Establish Vegetation CoverTops
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Species Growing Conditions Establis
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17.7.2 Rope Wick ApplicationMuch of
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There are a number of fibre mats or
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17.10 Australian StandardsAS1289.3.
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18.1 IntroductionFor many earthen c
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When re-shaping the batters of exis
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LifeCrestOld bank lineBattered bank
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Photos\inside batter\CG7channel2arm
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4. To help place the rock material
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False ToeFigure 18.8Protective laye
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The confinement system would be adv
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• Able to survive during non-oper
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18.6 ReferencesHutchison D & Locke
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19.20 Guidelines on Field Quality C
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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• Figure 19.2)3. Temporary Bench
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The capabilities and limitations of
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19.3.1 Construction EquipmentThe ba
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construction. The aim of scarifying
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Whether or not a front-end loader o
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The thickness of each layer will va
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distribution. The use of alternativ
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19.8 Construction RecordsAdequate r
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19.12 Protective Cover on Crest and
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19.21 Australian StandardsAS 1726-1
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20.1 ScopeAustralia’s earthen irr
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Bank re-construction normally requi
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•meter outlet locations and type
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In the case of channel bank refurbi
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20.4.1.1 StrippingWith outside bank
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All public roads to be used by truc
Page 304 and 305: 5. Material is delivered by trucks
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Page 310 and 311: Aim for crest width ofabout 2 metre
Page 312 and 313: Refer to Section 18, Inside Batter
Page 314 and 315: 21.8.10 Re-alignment ..............
Page 316 and 317: Seepage is a complex hydrologic phe
Page 318 and 319: 2. Seepage losses increase as the d
Page 320 and 321: Refer also to the following section
Page 322 and 323: 21.4 Channel Seepage ConsequencesSe
Page 324 and 325: Channel seepage is one of the sever
Page 326 and 327: Seepage is proportional to soil per
Page 328 and 329: Methods based on vertical flow meas
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Page 332 and 333: Flow NetsA flow net is a system of
Page 334 and 335: Data from indirect measurement proc
Page 336 and 337: (ii) EM SurveyElectro-magnetic (EM)
Page 338 and 339: The volume of waterloss from the dr
Page 340 and 341: 21.7.3.2 Inflow-Outflow Method (Dyn
Page 342 and 343: Imperfect seal will cause the meter
Page 344 and 345: The groundwater level can then be d
Page 346 and 347: Stable IsotopesThe basis of testing
Page 348 and 349: To be most successful, there needs
Page 350 and 351: 21.8.6 Surface interception drainag
Page 352 and 353: KeyWatertable before tree plantingW
Page 356 and 357: 21.11 ReferencesAustralian National
Page 358 and 359: 22. Channel LiningTable of Contents
Page 360 and 361: 22.1 IntroductionThe conservation o
Page 362 and 363: The different types of channel lini
Page 364 and 365: Table 22-1Unlined Earthen Channels
Page 366 and 367: Lining of channels will not elimina
Page 368 and 369: To supply a given discharge, the cr
Page 370 and 371: 22.4.5 Structural SafetyThe stabili
Page 372 and 373: soil pressures and under-drainage i
Page 374 and 375: Concrete linings are suitable for b
Page 376 and 377: 22.5.12 Availability of Constructio
Page 378 and 379: esistance to erosion. To improve th
Page 380 and 381: Construction and Refurbishment of E
Page 382 and 383: 22.7.1.2 General Design Considerati
Page 384 and 385: 22.7.1.4 Lining ThicknessThe thickn
Page 386 and 387: particular problems, but in smaller
Page 388 and 389: Where the earth lining finishes abo
Page 390 and 391: control where the channel material
Page 392 and 393: sand requires about 5% cement by we
Page 394 and 395: 22.7.6 Soil SealantsSoil sealants a
Page 396 and 397: 22.7.7 Cost of Earth LiningsThe cap
Page 398 and 399: Although they can assist with shear
Page 400 and 401: 22.8.2 Membrane Liner TypesGeomembr
Page 402 and 403: Polyethylene has also appeared in m
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FPP resistance to common chemical e
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The base coat and seal coat rates m
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A common and misleading argument is
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These thermal expansion and contrac
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Another factor is the ability to ha
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Some lining methods expand and cont
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22.8.9.1 Geomembrane ThicknessThe t
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Cover typeThickness ofEarth fill(m)
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22.8.9.5 Cover MaterialGeomembranes
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As well, velocities which are permi
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22.8.11 FencingWhen livestock, part
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22.10 ReferencesAlther GR (1987), T
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23. Measures to Reduce the Rate ofD
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Channel DesignBank MaterialDeterior
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Stock and VerminAdjacentlandholders
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To ensure that a channel bank has a
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Advantages of Draining• Allows fo
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To efficiently maintain a channel,
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Compared with other countries where
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23.4.7 LeaksTransverse cracks are t
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23.5 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Photo 23-1Channel bed showing mumbl
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Thus, control of carp by draining c
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The disadvantages of a biological c
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Carp have been blamed for erosion o
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Management Groups gives guidelines
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Organisation Contact Details Aims/A
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Chemical treatment is often recomme
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23.7 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Grey Parrot Pea - Dillaynia cineres
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Lodge G (1998), Review on Fish Barr
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cation exchange capacity (CEC) a me
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fetch the distance over which the w
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plant term used for construction eq
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supply level the supply level is a
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