construction and refurbishment of earthen irrigation channel banks

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15.4.2 Determination of the plasticity of fine-grained soilsClay and silt, both alone and in mixtures with coarser material, may be describedaccording to their plasticity using their Liquid Limit. The Liquid Limit is thepercentage of water mixed with a soil sample at which the sample is at the border ofsolid state and liquid state. The plasticity increases with the Liquid Limit, as shownin Table 15-4.DescriptiveTermSymbol Range of LiquidLimit (%)Low Plasticity L LL < 35Intermediate I 35< LL
15.5 ShrinkageProper boundary classification of a soil near the borderline between coarse-grainedand fine-grained soils is accomplished by classifying it first as a coarse-grained soiland then as a fine-grained soil. Such classifications such as SM-ML and SC-CL arecommon. This type of dual classification is done for all soils which are determinedto have between 40% and 60% of fine (or coarse) material.Within the fine-grained division, boundary classifications can occur between lowliquid limit soils and high liquid limit soils as well as between silty and clayeymaterials in the same range of liquid limits. For example, one may find ML-CHand OL-OH soils; ML-OL, ML-CL and CL-OL soils and MH-CH, MH-OH andCH-OH soils.Shrinkage is a measure of how much a soil sample will contract when it is completelydried out. It is important to test for shrinkage to give an indication of how a channel bankwill behave in dry conditions. A high shrinkage will indicate that bank cracking could bea serious problem if the bank is not adequately protected.Black cracking soils have what is called a high shrink-swell capacity, that is, when theydry they contract appreciably opening up large cracks in the soil which go to considerabledepths. When wetted up after rain, the clay expands, and the cracks close up. However,this expansion can take weeks or months.A number of these cracking soils are erodible and water flowing through cracks in thebank can cause the bank to break down and finally fail. Channel banks constructed withthese soils will generally perform satisfactorily provided they are protected from dryingout and cracking.15.5.1 Linear ShrinkageThe Australian Standard shrinkage test is Linear Shrinkage. Linear Shrinkage ismeasured by placing a sample of soil at Liquid Limit in a mould. The sample isthen dried in an oven until no water remains in the sample. The distance that thesample shrinks away from the mould is then measured. This test is described inAS1289.3.4.1-1995 – Linear Shrinkage.15.5.2 Pat Shrinkage TestThe Pat Shrinkage Test is a non-Australian Standard test which measures theshrinkage of a sample of soil from the plastic limit. Although this is not anAustralian Standard test, it is simple to perform, and gives a good indication of theshrinkage and subsequent cracking behaviour of the soil. The Pat Shrinkage test isdescribed in Figure 15.3.The Pat Shrinkage Test is a more realistic model of what happens to an earthenchannel bank in dry conditions than the Linear Shrinkage Test. Channel Banks arecompacted at or near Optimum Moisture Content which is very close to the PlasticLimit. Therefore it is recommended that the Pat Shrinkage Test is used to test forshrinkage.Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks
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Your comments on the format and con
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During the course of this project,
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AcknowledgmentsThese Guidelines rep
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FundingFunding of this project was
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Table of ContentsBook 1SubjectPage
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1. Introduction1.1 GeneralGood asse
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(iv) provide proven practice approa
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3. Research Procedure3.1 Terms of R
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4. How to use these Guidelines4.1 W
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6. Units of MeasurementQuantity Uni
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8. Earthen Irrigation Channels8.1 D
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8.3 ReferencesAustralian National C
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9.1 IntroductionA key input to adva
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Data from Goulburn-Murray Water’s
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General 1 2 3 4 5 6DescriptionRisk
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Channel BankSequential Deterioratio
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9.2 ReferencesGutteridge Haskins &
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10.2.3.1 Dispersive layer of materi
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Causes ofSpecific factorDeteriorati
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10.1.2.5 BendsA bend in the channel
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10.1.4.1 Construction techniqueIrri
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10.1.5.4 Overtopping of banksIn ade
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In the past maintenance techniques
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Maintenance is a continuing require
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10.1.7.4 Yabbies/fresh water crayfi
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Direct removal ofmaterial by entrai
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Figure 10.10 shows longitudinal cra
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10.2.3.3 Irregular compaction - bri
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10.3 ReferencesEmerson W (1996), pe
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11.1 GeneralThe Investigation and P
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iv) Available fill materials and, w
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12.15 Radius of Bends .............
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There are several ways a channel ca
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• Land acquisition extent and typ
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The investigation should generally
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• Backfill: 10% compaction factor
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1. Flow Area, A, is the cross-secti
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after ageing and weed growth. If an
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elationships may be the controlling
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These maximum velocities should be
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Thus channels are usually designed
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Some of the design issues that shou
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12.12.1.3 Best PracticeEither of th
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12.13.2 Channel MaintenanceIncrease
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along a channel. The depth of the w
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12.13.4.7 Change of AlignmentThe in
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12.15 Radius of Bends12.15.1 Flow A
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12.16 Channel Cross SectionThe cros
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Some irrigation authorities use one
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12.16.2 BanksChannel cross sections
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Unless the bank is very high, the s
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The stability of channel batters ca
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drop bars become difficult and time
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Both the height above the bed and t
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• enable maintenance of the chann
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- Access agreementsA description of
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13/08/02 19:2012.20 Channel Tenure
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13/08/02 19:20As with the damage to
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13/08/02 19:20Advantages of Protect
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- gates provide a better deterrent
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Page 126 and 127: 13/08/02 19:20A typical design draw
Page 128 and 129: 13/08/02 19:20Sinclair Knight Merz
Page 130 and 131: 13.1 IntroductionIn many irrigation
Page 132 and 133: For example, the initial constructi
Page 134 and 135: 13.2.6 When to use Life Cycle Analy
Page 136 and 137: The timing of the life-cycle costin
Page 138 and 139: • assess cost of collecting missi
Page 140 and 141: Microsoft Excel has quite a good pr
Page 142 and 143: The costs used in these methods sho
Page 144 and 145: Life CyclePhaseInvestigationDesignC
Page 146 and 147: Life CyclePhaseMaintenanceRehabilit
Page 148 and 149: ReplacementProject managementInvest
Page 150 and 151: Residual valueLegal feesInsuranceAd
Page 152 and 153: 13.4.6.2 Recurring CostsChannel con
Page 154 and 155: $1.00.80Percent ofValue of$1.00.60.
Page 156 and 157: 13.4.11 Evaluate ResultsThe results
Page 158 and 159: 13.6 Tipsthe way open to incur sign
Page 160 and 161: 14. Risk AnalysisTable of ContentsS
Page 162 and 163: Consequences for irrigation authori
Page 164 and 165: 15. Material Selection and TestingT
Page 166 and 167: c) Shrinkage - will the bank crack
Page 168 and 169: depth. For this reason, the soils o
Page 170 and 171: Natural moisture content should als
Page 172 and 173: The study identified some confusion
Page 176 and 177: 1. Preparation of PatTake approxima
Page 178 and 179: EmersonClass No.Degree ofDispersion
Page 180 and 181: 15.7.1 Coarse grained soilsIn this
Page 182 and 183: sufficient gravel for erosion resis
Page 184 and 185: GroupSymbolsSuitability for Earthen
Page 186 and 187: The uniform application and thoroug
Page 188 and 189: essential that the chemical is thor
Page 190 and 191: Where laboratory testing facilities
Page 192 and 193: Clays are the plastic fines. They c
Page 194 and 195: etween the soil sample and the wate
Page 196 and 197: 16. Compaction ControlTable of Cont
Page 198 and 199: 16.1 PurposeDuring this research pr
Page 200 and 201: All compaction equipment utilises s
Page 202 and 203: The soil density required for a cha
Page 204 and 205: In the past, a method specification
Page 206 and 207: Low permeability and high stability
Page 208 and 209: 16.10.1.1 Tamping Foot RollerTampin
Page 210 and 211: 16.10.1.5 Non-Circular Impact Rolle
Page 212 and 213: 16.10.3 Compactor OperationsAfter t
Page 214 and 215: 16.11.4 Moisture Content ControlBef
Page 216 and 217: 16.12 Density Control Tests and Pro
Page 218 and 219: Correlation with local materials an
Page 220 and 221: The main advantages of the Nuclear
Page 222 and 223: Figure 16.4Hilf Density Ratio Repor
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The location and test results for e
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16.14.3 Reporting and RecordsTest r
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16.16 Tests for small projectsThe s
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The advantages of the Drop Test are
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AS1289.6.3.2-1997AS1289.6.3.3-1997A
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17. Protective CoverTable of Conten
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The bank dries and cracks from the
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17.5 Specifications17.5.1 GravelPar
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17.6 Establish Vegetation CoverTops
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Species Growing Conditions Establis
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17.7.2 Rope Wick ApplicationMuch of
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There are a number of fibre mats or
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17.10 Australian StandardsAS1289.3.
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18.1 IntroductionFor many earthen c
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When re-shaping the batters of exis
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LifeCrestOld bank lineBattered bank
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Photos\inside batter\CG7channel2arm
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4. To help place the rock material
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False ToeFigure 18.8Protective laye
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The confinement system would be adv
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• Able to survive during non-oper
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18.6 ReferencesHutchison D & Locke
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19.20 Guidelines on Field Quality C
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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• Figure 19.2)3. Temporary Bench
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The capabilities and limitations of
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19.3.1 Construction EquipmentThe ba
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construction. The aim of scarifying
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Whether or not a front-end loader o
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The thickness of each layer will va
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distribution. The use of alternativ
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19.8 Construction RecordsAdequate r
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19.12 Protective Cover on Crest and
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19.21 Australian StandardsAS 1726-1
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20.1 ScopeAustralia’s earthen irr
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Bank re-construction normally requi
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•meter outlet locations and type
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In the case of channel bank refurbi
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20.4.1.1 StrippingWith outside bank
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All public roads to be used by truc
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5. Material is delivered by trucks
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Need to drain and de-waterEBM befor
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significantly and a more conservati
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Aim for crest width ofabout 2 metre
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Refer to Section 18, Inside Batter
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21.8.10 Re-alignment ..............
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Seepage is a complex hydrologic phe
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2. Seepage losses increase as the d
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Refer also to the following section
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21.4 Channel Seepage ConsequencesSe
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Channel seepage is one of the sever
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Seepage is proportional to soil per
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Methods based on vertical flow meas
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ainfallPumpingevapotranspirationIrr
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Flow NetsA flow net is a system of
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Data from indirect measurement proc
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(ii) EM SurveyElectro-magnetic (EM)
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The volume of waterloss from the dr
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21.7.3.2 Inflow-Outflow Method (Dyn
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Imperfect seal will cause the meter
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The groundwater level can then be d
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Stable IsotopesThe basis of testing
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To be most successful, there needs
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21.8.6 Surface interception drainag
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KeyWatertable before tree plantingW
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• The preparation of a best pract
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21.11 ReferencesAustralian National
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22. Channel LiningTable of Contents
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22.1 IntroductionThe conservation o
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The different types of channel lini
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Table 22-1Unlined Earthen Channels
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Lining of channels will not elimina
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To supply a given discharge, the cr
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22.4.5 Structural SafetyThe stabili
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soil pressures and under-drainage i
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Concrete linings are suitable for b
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22.5.12 Availability of Constructio
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esistance to erosion. To improve th
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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22.7.1.2 General Design Considerati
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22.7.1.4 Lining ThicknessThe thickn
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particular problems, but in smaller
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Where the earth lining finishes abo
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control where the channel material
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sand requires about 5% cement by we
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22.7.6 Soil SealantsSoil sealants a
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22.7.7 Cost of Earth LiningsThe cap
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Although they can assist with shear
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22.8.2 Membrane Liner TypesGeomembr
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Polyethylene has also appeared in m
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FPP resistance to common chemical e
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The base coat and seal coat rates m
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A common and misleading argument is
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These thermal expansion and contrac
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Another factor is the ability to ha
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Some lining methods expand and cont
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22.8.9.1 Geomembrane ThicknessThe t
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Cover typeThickness ofEarth fill(m)
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22.8.9.5 Cover MaterialGeomembranes
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As well, velocities which are permi
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22.8.11 FencingWhen livestock, part
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22.10 ReferencesAlther GR (1987), T
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23. Measures to Reduce the Rate ofD
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Channel DesignBank MaterialDeterior
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Stock and VerminAdjacentlandholders
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To ensure that a channel bank has a
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Advantages of Draining• Allows fo
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To efficiently maintain a channel,
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Compared with other countries where
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23.4.7 LeaksTransverse cracks are t
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23.5 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Photo 23-1Channel bed showing mumbl
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Thus, control of carp by draining c
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The disadvantages of a biological c
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Carp have been blamed for erosion o
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Management Groups gives guidelines
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Organisation Contact Details Aims/A
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Chemical treatment is often recomme
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23.7 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Grey Parrot Pea - Dillaynia cineres
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Lodge G (1998), Review on Fish Barr
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cation exchange capacity (CEC) a me
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fetch the distance over which the w
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plant term used for construction eq
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supply level the supply level is a
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